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Title: Reconstructing Critical Pedagogy: Exploring Alternative Pedagogical Paradigms, IntellectualActivism,


1
Reconstructing Critical Pedagogy Exploring
Alternative Pedagogical Paradigms,
Intellectual-Activism, and Critical Educational
Theory
  • Reiland Rabaka, Ph.D.
  • University of Colorado at Boulder

2
Critical Pedagogy
  • Emphasizes the ideological dimensions of teacher
    work and how education is employed in class
    exploitation and class struggle within the
    capitalist economy
  • Challenges capitalists claims that education is
    neutral
  • Reminds radical educators that there is a big
    difference between (neo)liberalism or reformism
    and anti-capitalism or anti-imperialism

3
Critical Pedagogy
  • Links education to self and social transformation
  • Connects education to critical consciousness
  • Intensely explores the political economy of
    education in light of global capitalism
  • Emphasizes that capitalism exacerbates and
    perpetuates racism, sexism and heterosexism/homoph
    obia
  • Advocates that both teachers and students become
    active agents in their own education and
    liberation
  • Draws heavily from Marxism and puts forward
    democratic socialism as an alternative to
    contemporary capitalism

4
Critical Social Theory
  • comprehends the established society
  • criticizes its contradictions and conflicts
  • creates and accessibly offers ethical and
    egalitarian (usually democratic socialist)
    alternatives

5
Critical Social Theory
  • Accents
  • what needs to be transformed
  • what strategies and tactics might be most useful
    in the transformative efforts
  • and,
  • which agents and agencies could potentially carry
    out the transformation.

6
Critical Social TheoryThe Dialectical Dimension
  • Dialectics is the art of demonstrating the
    interconnectedness of parts to each other and to
    the overarching system or framework as a whole.
    Hence, critical theory encourages
    interdisciplinarity and the breaking down of
    arbitrary artificial academic boundaries and
    intellectual barriers.

7
Critical Race Theory
  • Emphasizes the centrality and political economy
    of race and racism, especially with regard to
    European imperial expansion, Enlightenment,
    modernity, and postmodernity
  • Accents the interconnection of racism with
    capitalism and sexism
  • Endorses a race/gender/class approach to
    historical and contemporary social and political
    phenomena

8
Critical Race Theory
  • Extremely critical of
  • white supremacy
  • white privilege
  • white normativity, white neutrality, and white
    universality
  • claims of white racelessness
  • state-sanctioned (or, legal) racial domination or
    discrimination (institutional racism)
  • racism in education, religion, and the medical
    industry

9
Feminist Pedagogy
  • Explores womens contributions to educational
    theory and praxis
  • Points to patriarchys impact on educational
    theory and praxis
  • Employs gender and the critique of gender
    domination and discrimination as a point of
    departure
  • Marxist-feminism and socialist-feminism emphasize
    the interconnection of sexism with capitalism
  • Black feminism and other anti-racist feminisms
    engage ways in which racism and sexism intersect
    in the lives of women of color

10
Feminist Pedagogy
  • Some feminists, particularly feminists of color,
    have developed theories that speak to the special
    needs of women within racist, sexist, and
    capitalist societies
  • Explores the political economy of patriarchal
    pedagogy or male-centered teaching
  • Links womens liberation to critical education
  • Often warns against privileging class over gender
    (a lá many male Marxist pedagogues)

11
Reconstructing Critical Pedagogy
  • It seems highly questionable, if not downright
    silly at this juncture in the history of theory,
    to seek a theoretical Holy Grail that will serve
    as a panacea to our search for the secrets to
    being, culture, politics or society
  • Theories are, among many other things, optics,
    ways of seeing they are perspectives which
    illuminate specific phenomena. However, as with
    any perspective, position or standpoint, each
    theory has its blind spots and lens limitations,
    what contemporary critical theorists call
    theoretical myopia
  • A reconstructed and re-radicalized critical
    pedagogy must be grounded in critical conjunctive
    analysis that explores the incessantly
    intersecting nature of racism and sexism and
    capitalism and colonialism, among other forms of
    domination and discrimination

12
Reconstructing Critical Pedagogy
  • New critical pedagogy should be
  • more multicultural
  • transethnic
  • transgender
  • sexual orientation-sensitive
  • non-Western European/white American/Eurocentric
    pedagogy-, theory-, and philosophy- focused
  • Grounded in pedagogical paradigms produced by
    critical educators and intellectual-activists of
    color
  • Interdisciplinary
  • Connected to contemporary anti-racist,
    anti-sexist, anti-capitalist, and
    anti-imperialist movements

13
W.E.B. Du Bois
  • Born February 23, 1868
  • Educated at Fisk, Harvard, and the University of
    Berlin
  • Studied philosophy, history, politics, and
    economics
  • First African American to earn a Ph.D. from
    Harvard University

14
W.E.B. Du Bois
  • Eighty year publishing career from 1883 to 1963
  • One of the first scholars to seriously study
    African Americans retention of African culture
    and contributions to American culture
  • Died August 27, 1963

15
W.E.B. Du Bois
  • Philosopher of race
  • Critical race theorist
  • Male-Feminist
  • Marxist/Socialist
  • Political Scientist
  • Critical Sociologist
  • Pan-Africanist
  • Anti-Colonialist
  • Critical Pedagogue
  • Historian

16
Du Bois and Africana Studies(Re)Defining an
Interdisciplinary Discipline
  • Major architect of Africana Studies
  • Interdisciplinarian
  • Multi-Methodologist
  • Critical Social Theorist
  • Academic Outsider
  • Political Exile

17
Du Bois and Africana Studies
  • History
  • Religion
  • Philosophy
  • Sociology
  • Politics
  • Economics
  • Psychology
  • Education
  • Art (Music, Dance, Theater, Literature, etc.)

18
Du Boiss Conceptual Contributions
  • Double-consciousness
  • Cultural education
  • The Talented Tenth
  • The Guiding Hundredth
  • Pan-Africanism
  • Black Marxism
  • African Socialism (Ujamaa)
  • Semi- or Quasi- Colonialism
  • Male-feminism

19
Major Scholarly Books by W.E.B. Du Bois
  • The Philadelphia Negro
  • The Souls of Black Folk
  • The Negro
  • Darkwater
  • The Gift of Black Folk
  • Black Reconstruction
  • Black Folk, Then and Now
  • Color and Democracy
  • The World and Africa

20
Scholarly Volumes and Periodicals edited by
W.E.B. Du Bois
  • The Atlanta University Studies
  • The Moon
  • The Horizon
  • The Crisis
  • Phylon

21
Major Autobiographical Writingsby W.E.B. Du Bois
  • The Souls of Black Folk
  • Darkwater
  • Dusk of Dawn
  • In Battle for Peace
  • The Autobiography
  • of W.E.B. Du Bois

22
Du Bois and Critical Educational Theory
  • The College-Bred Negro (1900)
  • The Negro Common School (1901)
  • The College-Bred Negro American (1910)
  • Report from the First Conference of Negro
    Land-Grant Colleges for Coordinating a Program of
    Cooperative Social Studies (1943)
  • The Education of Black People (1973)
  • Du Bois on Education (2002)
  • Published over 100 articles on education

23
Du Boiss Major Works on Women
  • The Work of Negro Women in Society (1902)
  • The Black Mother (1912)
  • Suffering Suffragettes (1912)
  • Votes for Women (1912)
  • The Burden of Black Women (1914)
  • Woman Suffrage (1915)
  • The Damnation of Women (1920)
  • The Freedom of Womanhood (1924)
  • Sex and Racism (1957)
  • Greetings to Women (1959)
  • Published over 60 articles on womens rights and
    gender justice

24
W.E.B. Du Bois creative writings include five
novels, several volumes of poetry, short stories,
and plays
  • A Litany of Atlanta
  • The Song of Smoke
  • The Quest of the Silver Fleece
  • Dark Princess
  • The Ordeal of Mansart
  • Mansart Builds a School
  • Worlds of Color
  • The Comet
  • The Optimist
  • Chamounix

25
W.E.B. Du Bois participated in several social
movements and political organizations
  • Pan-Africanism
  • Niagara
  • NAACP
  • New Negro
  • Harlem Renaissance
  • Civil Rights
  • Womens Liberation
  • Anti-War/Peace

26
Du Bois discourse simultaneously challenges
  • traditional disciplines
  • conventional critical theory
  • and
  • non-traditional (or new) disciplines

27
Du Bois and Africana Critical Theory
  • Du Bois contraction and creative combination of
    Africana and non-Africana critical thought
  • Africana intellectual history
  • The history of Africana ideas
  • The history of Africana philosophy
  • Africana Studies contributions to critical theory

28
Ella Baker, 1903-1986
  • BA, valedictorian, Shaw University
  • Civil rights (racial justice)
  • Womens rights (gender justice)
  • Democratic socialism (economic justice)
  • Life-long commitment to radical social
    transformation
  • Student-centered social theory (links education
    to liberation)
  • Worker-centered social theory (links labor to
    liberation)

29
Ella Baker, 1903-1986
  • NAACP
  • SCLC, worked with MLK Septima Clark
  • SNCC
  • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP),
    worked with Fannie Lou Hamer
  • Collective leadership
  • Participatory democracy

30
Rosa Parks, 1913-2005
  • BA, Alabama State College
  • Civil rights activist
  • NAACP
  • Highlander Folk School
  • Sparked Montgomery Bus Boycott
  • Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) with MLK
  • Anti-Apartheid Activist
  • Established the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute
    for Self-Development

31
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33
Rosa Parks, 1913-2005
  • Claudette Colvin (age 15, arrested March 1955)
  • The Womens Political Council (WPC) initiated the
    bus boycott
  • African American ministers followed the lead of
    the WPC
  • African American churches, cab companies and
    other black-owned businesses supported the bus
    boycott (self-determination)
  • Clifford and Virginia Durr, some whites supported

34
Rosa Parks, 1913-2005
  • 50,000 African Americans in participated in the
    Bus Boycott
  • The boycott lasted 381 days
  • Fired for her civil rights activism
  • Parks deplored the custom of having to enter the
    front of the bus to pay the fare and then having
    to exit to reenter at the back of the bus.
    Frequently, white bus drivers pulled away before
    black riders could reboard at the back of the bus.

35
Septima Clark, 1898-1987
  • BA, Benedict College MA, Hampton University
    also studied at Columbia University
  • Studied at Atlanta University with W.E.B. Du Bois
  • NAACP
  • Civil rights activist
  • Radical Educator, emphasis on adult literacy and
    democratic empowerment
  • Faculty, Highlander Folk School (1957-1960)

36
Septima Clark, 1898-1987
  • Citizenship Schools
  • Ella Baker encouraged MLK SCLC to hire Clark
    and tap the Citizenship Schools
  • Literacy Liberation
  • Echo In My Soul (1962)
  • Ready From Within Septima Clark and the Civil
    Rights Movement (1986)

37
Fannie Lou Hamer, 1917-1977
  • Sharecropper
  • Radical voter registrant
  • SNCC field worker
  • Co-founder of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic
    Party (MFDP)
  • Powerful orator
  • Political Activist

38
Fannie Lou Hamer, 1917-1977
  • Linked literacy with political economy
  • Life-long commitment to radical social
    transformation
  • Ran for Congress in 1964
  • Fought for workers rights, especially farmers
    rights
  • Founded the Freedom Farms Corporation in 1969
  • Member, Executive Committee of the United
    Democratic Party of MS

39
Fannie Lou Hamer, 1917-1977
  • Radicalism grounded in her religious beliefs
  • Opened all of her speeches with a spiritual,
    usually This Little Light of Mine
  • Challenged racism within the Democratic Party
  • Widely credited for the part she played in the
    political transformation of the Democratic Party
  • Continued to her civil rights activism even as
    she was dying of cancer

40
Fannie Lou Hamer, 1917-1977
  • Hamer was defiant and seemed to develop a deeper
    conviction to her cause with each new attack or
    set of attacks
  • Hamer appeared to resist with a renewed sense of
    courage and commitment to human, civil, and
    womens rights
  • Similar to Victoria Gray, Hamer drew from her
    religious beliefs and African American folk wisdom

41
Fannie Lou Hamer, 1917-1977
  • Hamer was fired and evicted for registering to
    vote
  • Hamer was shot at and had to go into exile
    because of her civil rights activism
  • While in exile Hamer decided that racism must be
    met with radical anti-racism, political activism,
    and social organization

42
Fannie Lou Hamer, 1917-1977
  • Winona, MS, 1963 Hamer brutally beaten racial
    and sexual violence/violation
  • Some of Hamers injuries were permanent she lost
    sight in her left eye and suffered irreparable
    damage to her kidneys
  • Lawrence Guyot was also severely beaten attempts
    were made to burn his genitals

43
Malcolm X
44
Malcolm X, 1925-1965
  • Emphasis on education for both self and social
    transformation
  • Emphasis on political education
  • Nation of Islam (NOI)
  • Organization of African American Unity (OAAU)
  • Anti-racism (emphasized the political economy of
    race and racism)
  • Pan-Africanism
  • Democratic socialism

45
Malcolm X, 1925-1965
  • Helped to radicalize the Civil Rights Movement
  • Offered frustrated African American youth an
    alternative to non-violent protest, civil
    disobedience, and passive resistance
  • Radical, risk-taking leadership style
  • Consistently encouraged his audiences to be
    active agents in their own education and
    liberation
  • Father of the Black Power Movement

46
Reconstructing Critical Pedagogy Exploring
Alternative Pedagogical Paradigms,
Intellectual-Activism, and Critical Educational
Theory
  • Reiland Rabaka, Ph.D.
  • Center for Studies of Ethnicity and Race in
    America
  • University of Colorado at Boulder
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