Description of Monographs

1
Description of Monographs
2
What is a Catalog(ue)?

• A list of library materials contained in a
  collection, a library, or a group of libraries
  arranged according to some definite plan.
• In a wider sense, a list of materials prepared
  for a particular purpose (e.g., an exhibition
  catalog, a sales catalog).
• -AACR2

3
Why Do We Catalog? What is the Purpose of a
Catalog Record?

• TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO LIBRARY MATERIALS
• The process of cataloging results in the creation
  of a catalog record or bibliographic record
  for a specific item
• The purpose of the library catalog is to enable
  people to locate items within the librarys
  collection
• The bibliographic record, whether in card form,
  book form, or online, serves as a facsimile of
  the item itself

4
Why Do We Catalog? What is the Purpose of a
Catalog Record?

• By looking at the bibliographic record one can
  identify features of the item, such as title,
  author(s), publisher, publication date, subject,
  etc.
• Within the catalog access is provided to the
  bibliographic records through a variety of names,
  titles and subject terms associated with the item
• Once the record is located within the catalog
  through these access points it can be evaluated
  by the user to see if she or he wants to examine
  the item itself
• If so the bibliographic record provides the user
  access to the item, usually through a call number
  or other location contained in the record

5
Purpose of Cataloging

• Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records
  (FRBR) model
• What can cataloging do for you?
• Find what youre looking for (the ultimate) by
  finding a bibliographic record (via access
  points)
• Identify there has to be enough information in
  the bibliographic description to verify the
  find (title/author, edition, pagination)
• Select (from description, subjects,
  classification)
• Obtain (call number, ISBN, citation)

6
Functions of Catalog Objects Charles Cutter
(1876)

• 1. Finding (Identifying) Function
• To enable a person to find a book of which either
• a) the author is known.
• b) the title is known.
• c) the subject is known.

7
Functions of Catalog Objects Charles Cutter
(1876)

• 2. Assembling (Collocating) Function
• To show what the library has
• d) by a given author.
• e) on a given subject.
• f) in a given kind of literature.
• 3. To assist in the choice of a book (Evaluating
  Function)
• g) as to its edition (bibliographically).
• h) as to its character (literary, topical).

8
Functions of Catalog Means Charles Cutter (1876)

• 1. Author-entry with the necessary references
  (for A and D).
• 2. Title-entry or title-reference (for B).
• 3. Subject-entry, with cross-references, and
  classed subject-table (for C and E).
• 4. Form-entry and language-entry (for F).
• 5. Giving edition and imprint, with notes when
  necessary (for G).
• 6. Notes (for H).

9
Descriptive versus Subject Cataloging

• Process of cataloging is traditionally broken
  down into two phases descriptive cataloging and
  subject cataloging
• Descriptive cataloging is the phase of the
  cataloging process which is concerned with
  identifying and describing library materials
• The recording of this descriptive information
  creates a surrogate of the item, the first step
  in the creation of a bibliographic record

10
Descriptive Cataloging

• The second step of descriptive cataloging
  involves supplying access to the bibliographic
  record through names and titles associated with
  the item
• Primary tasks of descriptive cataloger
• Describe and identify item create bibliographic
  record
• Furnish name and title access points for
  bibliographic record
• The descriptive cataloger creates a surrogate for
  the item by extracting information from the item
  and arranging the information in the form of a
  bibliographic record By looking at the
  bibliographic record you know whether or not you
  want to look at the item itself

11
Descriptive Cataloging

• The descriptive cataloger also adds name and
  title access points to the bibliographic record
  so the person can find the record through a
  variety of names and/or titles associated with
  the item
• Access point refers to an entry under which the
  bibliographic record is listed in the catalog.
  The access point leads the user to the
  bibliographic record, which ten leads to the item
  itself
• There are two types of name and title access
  points
• Main entry is the primary name and/or title
  access point to a bibliographic record
• Added entry is any other name and/or title access
  point

12
What is Descriptive Cataloging?

• Task 1. Creation of a bibliographic record a
  written representation of an entity selected for
  cataloging
• Rules, decisions difficulties what elements to
  include and leave out, the ordering marking
  of the descriptive elements

13
Underlying Assumptions

• Description of one copy applies to all copies
• Standard descriptive rules are difficult to apply
  to
• Rare materials (specific copy is more important)
• Online resources (no tangible copy)
• Archival materials (not a copy by definition)

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What is Descriptive Cataloging?

• Step 2. Provide access to the bibliographic
  record through headings/access
  points/catalog entries
• Access in descriptive cataloging is limited to
  names titles subject access through headings
  classification is out of scope
• Rules, decisions, difficulties which access
  points to use how to justify the choice, what
  form the entries should take, different entities
  with the same or similar names, different names
  for the same entity

15
Underlying Assumptions

• Description represents both a discrete entity
  (physical or virtual) and the intellectual
  content of the entity description of the e-book
  Great Expectations also represents the
  intellectual content of the work by Charles
  Dickens
• Access points do double duty
• Access to the bibliographic record (metadata in
  some cases provides direct access to content)
• Relating the intellectual content to other
  expressions in the librarys catalog

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Authority Control

• To support intellectual relationships in the
  catalog
• Intellectual contributions by the same person
• Works issued by the same body
• Uniform titles (to bring together all works)
• Tasks
• Differentiating catalog headings (disambiguation)
• Access for different forms of the same name
  (references)
• Updating previously assigned headings for catalog
  consistency (maintenance)

17
Descriptive Cataloging Values

• Access to the bibliographic record is best
  accomplished through the values of
• Consistency (supported by ISBD MARC)
• Accuracy (of transcription, of identification)
• Informed selection (what to transcribe, access
  points)
• Informed differentiation (sufficient information
  to allow the user to select among similar
  editions or similar access points)

18
Summary

• The fourfold FRBR purpose of cataloging
• (FISO) Find, Identify, Select, Obtain
• Objectives of descriptive cataloging
• Creation of bibliographic record access to the
  bibliographic record
• In the catalog, authority control supports access
  to intellectual relationships of bibliographic
  records through
• Disambiguation, References, Ongoing Maintenance

19
LC Functions of Descriptive Cataloging

• 1. To state the significant features of an item
  with the purpose of distinguishing it from other
  items and describing its scope, contents, and
  bibliographic relation to other items
• 2. To present these data in an entry that can be
  integrated with other entries for other items in
  the catalog and which will respond best to the
  interests of most users of the catalog.

20
Subject Cataloging

• Subject cataloging is the phase of the cataloging
  process concerned with the subject of an item.
  Access to the bibliographic record is provided
  through subjects associated with the item
• Primary tasks of subject cataloger
• Analyze item for primary and secondary subject
  content
• Assign standardized subject headings to
  bibliographic records to furnish access through
  primary and secondary subjects
• Classify item according to primary subject and
  assign standardized classification number

21
Structure of Bibliographic Records

• Bibliographic records contains details describing
  an item within a library collection.
• Two parts of bibliographic record
• Bibliographic description portion of the
  bibliographic record which contains the
  description and identification of the item
• Access points consist of main entry and added
  entries (name, title, or name/title combination)
  as well as subject headings

22
ISBD

• International Standard Bibliographic Description
• A standard for ordering information in a
  bibliographic record
• Uses punctuation to delimit the descriptive
  elements of the bibliographic record

23
Bibliographic Description

• The bibliographic description is divided into
  eight areas. Area refers to a major section of
  the bibliographic description, comprising data of
  a particular category or set of categories
  (AACR2r Glossary)
• Eight Areas MARC fields
• Area 1 field 245 Title and statement of
  responsibility
• Area 2 field 250 Edition
• Area 3 field 25X Material specific details
• Area 4 field 260 Publication, distribution,
  etc.
• Area 5 field 300 Physical description
• Area 6 field 4XX Series
• Area 7 field 5XX Notes
• Area 8 field 02X International standard number
  and terms of availability

24
Jesse Shera's Two Laws of Cataloguing

• Law 1 No cataloguer will accept the work of any
  other cataloguer.
• Law 2 No cataloguer will accept his/her own work
  six months after the cataloguing.

25
Some fun anagrams for 'cataloguing'

• (the British spelling) 1.  a gaunt logic 2. 
  coagulating 3.  lunatic agog
• and for 'cataloging' (the American spelling) 1. 
  a giant clog 2.  a gnat logic 3.  coital gang

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What is a MARC Record?

• A MARC record is a
• MAchine-Readable
• Cataloging record.

27
Why Is a MARC Record Necessary?

• Why can't a computer just read a catalog card?
• The information from a catalog card cannot simply
  be typed into a computer to produce an automated
  catalog. The computer needs a means of
  interpreting the information found on a
  cataloging record.
• The MARC record contains a guide to its data, or
  little signposts," before each piece of
  bibliographic information.

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Record with Textual Signposts

• SIGNPOSTS
• Main entry, personal name with a single surname
• Title and statement of responsibility
• Title Proper
• Statement of responsibility

• DATA
• Chute, Marchette Gaylord, 1909-
• Stories from Shakespeare /
• Marchette Chute

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Record with Textual Signposts

• SIGNPOSTS
• Publication
• Place of publication
• Name of publisher
• Date of publication
• Physical description
• Pagination
• Illustrative matter
• Size

• New York
• Meridian,
• 1976 (1993 printing)
• 319 p.
• 21 cm.

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Record with Textual Signposts

• SIGNPOSTS
• Note Area
• General note
• Standard numbers
• Subject added entries
• Personal author subject
• Topical subject

• DATA
• Includes index.
• ISBN 0-452-01061-6
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616--Adaptations.
• English drama--Early modern, 1500-1700--Adaptation
  s

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Record with Textual Signposts

• SIGNPOSTS
• Call Number (LC)
• Call Number (Dewey)
• LC Card Number

• PR2877 .C53 1993
• 822.33
• 93-33372

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Same Record with MARC Tags

• SIGNPOSTS
• 100 1 a d
• 245 10 a c
• 260 a b
• c

• DATA
• Chute, Marchette Gaylord,
• 1909-
• Stories from Shakespeare /
• Marchette Chute.
• New York
• Meridian,
• c1976.

34
Same Record with MARC Tags

• SIGNPOSTS
• 300 a
• c
• 500 a
• 600 10 a
• d
• v

• DATA
• 319 p.
• 21 cm.
• Includes index.
• Shakespeare, William,
• 1564-1616
• Adaptations

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Same Record with MARC Tags

• SIGNPOSTS
• 650 0 a
• y
• v
• 010 a
• 020 a
• 090 a
• b
• 092 a

• DATA
• English drama
• Early modern, 1500-1700
• Adaptations
• 93-33372
• 0452010616
• PR2877
• .C53 1993
• 822.33

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MARC Terms

• The box chart in the previous section showed a
  MARC record labeled with "signposts." The proper
  names of these "signposts" are field, tag,
  indicator, subfield, subfield code, and content
  designator. These MARC 21 terms are covered in
  this section.

37
MARC Terms

• In the MARC record, 10 of the tags are used over
  and over, and the other 90 are
  seen only occasionally or rarely.
• After even a short exposure to the MARC 21
  format, it is not unusual to hear librarians
  speaking in "MARCese."
• Librarians who work with MARC records soon
  memorize the numbers for the fields common to the
  materials they catalog.

38
FIELDS are marked by TAGS

• Field Each bibliographic record is divided
  logically into fields. There is a field for the
  author, a field for title information, and so on.
  
• These fields are subdivided into one or more
  "subfields."
• The textual names of the fields are too lengthy
  to be reproduced within each MARC record.

39
FIELDS are marked by TAGS

• Field (cont.) Instead they are represented by
  3-digit tags. (Though on-line catalogs may
  display the names of the fields, the names are
  supplied by the system software, not by the MARC
  record).

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FIELDS are marked by TAGS

• Tag Each field is associated with a 3-digit
  number called a "tag."
• A tag identifies the field -- the kind of data --
  that follows.
• Even though a printout or screen display may show
  the tag immediately followed by indicators
  (making it appear to be a 4- or 5-digit number),
  the tag is always the first 3 digits.

41
Field and Tag Example

• For example, the number 100 is a tag which marks
  the personal name main entry (author) field
• 100 1 Chute, Marchette Gaylord, d 1909-

42
Some Frequently Used Fields and Tags

• TAG
• 010
• 020
• 100
• 245

• FIELD
• Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN)
• International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
• Personal name main entry (author)
• Title information (which includes the title,
  other title information, and the statement of
  responsibility)

43
Some Frequently Used Fields and Tags

• TAG
• 250
• 260
• 300
• 440
• 520
• 650
• 700

• FIELD
• Edition
• Publication information
• Physical description
• Series statement
• Summary note
• Topical subject heading
• Personal name added entry (joint author, editor,
  illustrative)

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Some Fields are Further Defined by INDICATORS

• Indicators Two character positions follow each
  tag (with the exception of Fields 001 through
  009).
• One or both of these character positions may be
  used for indicators. In some fields, only the
  first or second position is used in some fields,
  both are used and in some fields, like the 020
  and 300 fields, neither is used.
• When an indicator position is not used, that
  indicator is referred to as "undefined" and the
  position is left blank. It is the convention to
  represent a blank, or undefined, indicator
  position by the character "".

45
Some Fields are Further Defined by INDICATORS

• Each indicator value is a number from 0 to 9.
  (Although the rules say it can be a letter,
  letters are uncommon.)
• Even though two indicators together may look like
  a 2-digit number, they really are two
  single-digit numbers.
• The allowable indicator values and their
  meanings are spelled out in the MARC 21
  documentation.

46
Some Fields are Further Defined by INDICATORS

• In the example which follows, the first 3 digits
  are the tag (245 defines this as a title field)
  and the next 2 digits (a 1 and a 4) are indicator
  values. The 1 is the first indicator 4 is the
  second indicator.
• 245 14 a The emperor's new clothes / c
  adapted from Hans
  Christian Andersen
  and illustrated by Janet Stevens.

47
Some Fields are Further Defined by INDICATORS

• First indicator value of 1 in the title field
  indicates that there should be a separate title
  entry in the catalog.
• In the card catalog environment, this means that
  a title card should be printed for this item and
  an entry for "Title" added to the tracings.
• A first indicator value of 0 would mean that a
  title main entry is involved the card would be
  printed with the traditional hanging indention,
  and no additional tracing for the title would be
  required (since it is the main entry).
• Not important in online environment.

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Some Fields are Further Defined by INDICATORS

• Nonfiling characters One of the more interesting
  indicators is the second indicator for the title
  field.
• It displays the number of characters at the
  beginning of the field (including spaces) to be
  disregarded by the computer in the sorting and
  filing process.
• For the title The emperor's new clothes, the
  second indicator is set to "4" so that the first
  four characters (the "T," the "h," the "e," and
  the space) will be skipped and the title will be
  filed under "emperor's."

49
SUBFIELDS are marked by SUBFIELD CODES and
DELIMITERS

• Subfield Most fields contain several related
  pieces of data. Each type of data within the
  field is called a subfield, and each subfield is
  preceded by a subfield code.
• Fields 001 through 009 have no subfields.

50
SUBFIELDS are marked by SUBFIELD CODES and
DELIMITERS

• For example, the field for a book's physical
  description (defined by the tag 300) includes a
  subfield for the extent (number of pages), a
  subfield for other physical details (illustration
  information), and a subfield for dimensions
  (centimeters)
• 300 a 675 p. b ill. c 24 cm.

51
SUBFIELDS are marked by SUBFIELD CODES and
DELIMITERS

• Subfield code Subfield codes are one lowercase
  letter (occasionally a number)
  preceded by a delimiter.
• A delimiter is a character used to separate
  subfields.
• Each subfield code indicates what type of data
  follows it.

52
SUBFIELDS are marked by SUBFIELD CODES and
DELIMITERS

• Delimiter Different software programs use
  different characters to represent the
  delimiter on the screen or on printouts. Examples
  are a double dagger, an "at sign"
  (_at_), a dollar sign (), or an underline.
• In this presentation the dollar sign () is used
  as the delimiter portion of the subfield code.
• In the previous example, the subfield codes are
  a for the extent, b for other physical
  details, and c for dimensions.

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CONTENT DESIGNATORS is an inclusive term used
torefer to tags, indicators, and subfield codes

• The three kinds of content designators -- tags,
  indicators, and subfield codes -- are
  the keys to the MARC 21 notation system.
• Walt Crawford calls the MARC system a "shorthand
  notation" system.
• The three types of content designators are the
  shorthand symbols that label and explain the
  bibliographic record.

54
Some GENERAL RULES

• There are some general rules that help define
  what all the numbers used as field tags mean.
• Note that in discussions of MARC 21 tags, the
  notation XX is often used to refer to a group of
  related tags.
• For example, 1XX refers to all the tags in
  the100s 100, 110, 130, and so on.

55
Tags Divided by Hundreds

• The basic divisions of the MARC 21 bibliographic
  record are
• 0XX Control information, numbers, codes
• 1XX Main entry
• 2XX Titles, edition, imprint (in general, the
  title, statement of responsibility, edition, and
  publication information )
• 3XX Physical description, etc
• 4XX Series statements (as shown in the book)

56
Tags Divided by Hundreds

• 5XX Notes
• 6XX Subject added entries
• 7XX Added entries other than subject or series
• 8XX Series added entries (other authoritative
  forms)

57
Tags Divided by Hundreds

• The 9XXs have been left for locally-defined uses,
  such as local barcode numbers.
• Local libraries, vendors, or systems can define
  and use them for attaching other types of
  information to records.
• X9Xs in each of these groups -- 09X, 59X, etc. --
  are also reserved for local use, except 490.)

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Access Points

• Most of the access points are in
• 1XX fields (main entries)
• 4XX fields (series statements)
• 6XX fields (subject headings)
• 7XX fields (added entries other than subject or
  series)
• 8XX fields (series added entries)

59
Parallel Content

• The fields requiring authority control are also
  the fields that use parallel tag construction.
• In general, in the 1XX, 4XX, 6XX, 7XX and 8XX
  fields, a personal name will have the last two
  digits 00.
• Therefore, for a main entry (1XX) that is a
  personal name (X00), the correct tag is 100.

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Parallel Content

• For a subject heading (6XX) that is a
  personal name, the tag is 600, and so on.
• This parallel content can be summarized as
  follows
• X00 Personal names
• X10 Corporate names
• X11 Meeting names
• X30 Uniform titles
• X40 Bibliographic titles
• X50 Topical terms
• X51 Geographic names

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Parallel Content

• By combining this chart with the chart "Tags
  divided by hundreds it becomes evident that if
  the subject of a book (6XX) is a person (Lincoln,
  Abraham), the will be 600
• If the subject of the book is a corporation
  (Apple Computer, Inc.), the tag will be 610
• If the subject of the book is a topic
  (Railroads), the tag will be 650
• If the subject of a book is a place (United
  States), the tag will be 651.
• An added entry (7XX) for a joint author (a
  personal name) will have tag 700.

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Unique Information Appears at the Beginning of
MARC Records

• Leader The leader is the first 24 characters of
  the record.
• Each position has an assigned meaning, but much
  of the information in the leader is for computer
  use.
• MARC record creation and editing
  programs usually provide a window or prompts to
  assist the cataloger n filling in any leader data
  elements that require input.

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Unique Information Appears at the Beginning of
MARC Records

• Directory Immediately following the leader is a
  block of data called a directory.
• This directory tells what tags are in the record
  and where they are placed.
• The directory is constructed (by computer)
  from the bibliographic record.
• It is invisible to the cataloger

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Unique Information Appears at the Beginning of
MARC Records

• The 008 field The 008 field is referred to as
  Fixed-Length Data Elements, or Fixed Field Codes.
• Its 40 characters contain important
  information, but in an abbreviated form.
• Although it is not yet used to its fullest in
  on-line catalog systems, this field can be used
  to identify and retrieve records matching
  specific criteria.

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Unique Information Appears at the Beginning of
MARC Records

• For example, there is a code in this field to
  indicate whether a book is large-print, a code to
  identify the country of publication, a code to
  identify juvenile materials, a code to indicate
  the language of the text, and so on.

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Fixed Field Codes

• Below is an example of fixed field for book
  format from an OCLC MARC record.
• Type a ELvl 1 Srce Audn
  Ctrl Lang eng BLvl m Form
  Conf 0 Biog MRec Ctry ohu
  Cont GPub Fict 0 Indx 0
  Desc Ills a Fest 0 DtSt s
  Dates 1956,
• .
• 100 1 Chute, Marchette Gaylord, d 1909-
• 245 10 Stories from Shakespeare.

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Fixed Field Codes

• In the previous fixed field, there is a code to
  indicate the country of publication -- Ctry
  ohu means the item was published in Ohio,
  United States.
• There is also a code for the date of the
  publication -- Dates 1956
• There is a code for the language of the text --
  Lang eng, and so on.
• The fixed field can be useful for retrieving
  records matching specific criteria.

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Jesse Sherastwo principles of cataloging

• No two catalogers will catalog something the same
  way.
• You wont catalog something the same way six
  months from now.

70
.. but if you share rules, vocabularies, and
other standards, there is hope of being able to
share cataloging records, even across cataloging
communities
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Tools for Descriptive Cataloging

• The Rules for Descriptive Cataloging AACR2, 2002
  revision
• The Rule Interpretations LC Rule Interpretations
  (LCRIs)
• MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data
• ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic
  Description)
• AACR2 contains rules for descriptive cataloging
  only. It contains no guidance for subject
  cataloging
• The organization of AACR2 reflects the two
  primary tasks of descriptive cataloging
• Part I addresses the process of identifying and
  describing an item through the creation of a
  bibliographic description
• Part II addresses the task of supplying access
  points for the record

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Standards Landscape for Descriptive Data

• The nice thing about standards is that there are
  so many of them to choose from.
• Data Structure Standards MARC, EAD, DC, MODS,
  VRA Core, CDWA
• Data Content Standards AACR2, APPM, CCO, DACS
• Data Value Standards LCSH, MeSH, AAT, TGM, ULAN
• Standards are like toothbrushes, everyone agrees
  theyre a good thing but nobody wants to use
  anyone elses.

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Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• Panizzis Ninety-one Rules (1839)
• Earliest codified rules in Western cataloging
• Codification of rules for British Museum
  cataloging
• The British Museum rules were revised up until
  1936.

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Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• Jewetts Rules (1853)
• Charles Jewett worked for Smithsonian
• 33 rules loosely based on Panizzi
• Jewett known for 2 things
• Earliest discussion of subject heading
  codification (standard form of entry for subject
  headings)
• Proposed centralized or cooperative cataloging by
  means of union catalog with a stereotyped
  (standard) record

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Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• Cutters Rules (1876)
• The first edition of Charles Amni Cutters Rules
  for a Dictionary Catalog was published in 1876
• Cutters rules nyumbered 369 and set out the
  first principles of cataloguing, and included a
  statement of the objectives of the catalogue.
• The code covered rules for dictionary catalogues
  including both entry (for authors, titles,
  subjects, and form headings), and description.

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Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• AA (1908)
• In light of the similar work being done on both
  sides of the Atlantic, Melvil Dewey suggested
  that there should be co-operation to produce an
  Anglo-American code. The American Library
  Association and the Library Association formally
  agreed to co-operate in 1904. Consultation
  between the two bodies occurred by
  correspondence.
• The first international cataloguing code was
  published in 1908 in an American edition (Catalog
  Rules, Author and Title Entries) and a British
  edition (Cataloguing Rules, Author and Title
  Entries)
• Both editions contained 174 rules covering both
  entry and heading for authors and titles, and
  description.
• Areas of disagreement between the two editions
  centered on authors and publications that changed
  names or titles.
• In both editions disagreements were explained
  either in a note or by printing two versions of
  the rule. Library of Congress supplementary rules
  were also included where necessary.

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Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• ALA Cataloging Rules (1941)
• In the 1930s committees of American Library
  Association and the Library Association discussed
  revision of the 1908 rules. The two bodies
  co-operated until 1939 when the Second World War
  ended British involvement.
• A preliminary second edition of the American
  edition of the 1908 rules was published by the
  American Library Association in 1941, and
  contained 324 rules in two parts Part I, Entry
  and Heading Part II, Description of book as
  well as various appendices, including one on
  authority cards. So, the 88 pages of AA had
  grown to 408 pages
• Andrew Osborns article The Crisis in Cataloging

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Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• ALA Cataloging Rules (1949)
• The 1941 edition was criticized for being too
  detailed and complex, and in 1949 A.L.A.
  Cataloging Rules for Author and Title Entries was
  published
• This edition contained only rules for entry and
  heading.
• American alternative rules in the 1908 code were
  reflected in the 1949 code.

79
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library
  of Congress (1949)
• As the 1949 ALA code did not contain rules for
  descriptive cataloguing, the Library of Congress
  took responsibility for documenting rules of this
  nature. As Library of Congress catalogue cards
  were widely used by American libraries, there was
  interest in the rules used by the Library of
  Congress.
• Rules for Descriptive Cataloging in the Library
  of Congress was published in 1949, and the rules
  were adopted by the American Library Association.
  Included were rules for separately published
  monographs, serials, and some non-book materials.
  
• Supplementary rules were subsequently issued for
  additional non-book formats.

80
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• AACR (1967)
• In 1951 the American Library Association asked
  Seymour Lubetzky, of the Library of Congress, to
  analyse the 1949 ALA code. An approach was also
  made to the Library Association regarding
  co-ordination of revision of the 1949 code.
• In 1953 Lubetzkys report (Cataloging Rules and
  Principles) was published. This work advocated a
  move towards a principle-based rather than
  case-based code.
• In 1956 Lubetzky was appointed editor of the
  revised code, and in 1960 he produced the draft
  Code of Cataloging Rules Author and Title Entry
• The International Conference on Cataloguing
  Principles was held in Paris in 1961 to examine
  the choice and form of headings in author/title
  catalogues. The outcome was a statement of 12
  principles known as the Paris Principles
• In 1967 two versions of the Anglo-American
  Cataloguing Rules (AACR) were published, a North
  American text and a British text.

81
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• International Standard Bibliographic Description
  (ISBD)
• At the International Meeting of Cataloguing
  Experts in Copenhagen in 1969, a program of
  International Standard Bibliographic Description
  (ISBD) was developed.
• The objective was to identify components in a
  bibliographic description, their preferred order,
  and the necessary punctuation.
• The first ISBD standard to be produced was that
  for Monographs (ISBD(M)) in 1971..

82
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• AACR2 (1978)
• In 1974 the Joint Steering Committee for the
  Revision of AACR (JSC) was established, with
  membership from the American Library Association,
  the British Library, the Canadian Library
  Association (represented by the Canadian
  Committee on Cataloguing), the Library
  Association, and the Library of Congress.
• The JSC was charged with incorporating the North
  American and British texts into a single version.
  The JSC appointed two editors for the revised
  code, Michael Gorman of the British Library, and
  Paul W. Winkler of the Library of Congress.
• The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second
  edition (AACR2) was published in one version in
  1978.
• AACR2 was adopted by the Library of Congress, the
  National Library of Canada, the British Library,
  and the Australian National Library in January
  1981.
• Revisions to AACR2 were adopted in 1982, 1983
  (published 1984), and 1985 (published 1986).
• A draft revision of AACR2 chapter 9 (renamed
  Computer Files) was published in 1987.

83
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• AACR2 1988 revision
• The 1988 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the 1982,
  1983, and 1985 revisions plus subsequent
  unpublished revisions.
• The 1988 Revision was published in both book and
  loose-leaf format.
• One set of amendments was published in 1993.

84
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• AACR2 1998 revision
• The 1998 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the 1993
  amendments, and revisions approved between 1992
  and 1996
• The 1998 Revision was published in book and CDROM
  format.
• Amendments packages were published in 1999 and
  2001. The 2001 amendments included a complete
  revision of chapter 9 (renamed Electronic
  Resources).

85
Brief History of Cataloging Rules

• AACR2 2002 revision
• The 2002 Revision of AACR2 incorporated the 1999
  and 2001 amendments, and changes approved in
  2001, including complete revisions of chapter 3
  (Cartographic Materials) and chapter 12 (renamed
  Continuing Resources)
• The revision of chapter 12 arose from a
  recommendation of the International Conference on
  the Principles and Future Development of AACR,
  and IFLA-led efforts to harmonize ISBD(CR), ISSN
  practice, and AACR2.
• In 2002 AACR was published only in loose-leaf
  format.
• Updates issued in 2003 and 2004.
• Last update issued in 2005
• AACR3 (RDA) to be issued in 2009-2010?

86
AACR2

• Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition,
  2002 Revision with 2005 update
• Also in electronic format as part of Catalogers
  Desktop
• AACR is kept up to date by Library of Congress
  Rule Interpretations

87
AACR2 Part I

• Divided into thirteen chapters
• Chapter 1 contains the basic rules for the
  description of all library materials
• Chapters 2-12 contain specific rules for the
  description of specific types of materials
• 2. Printed monographs
• 3. Cartographic materials
• 4. Manuscripts
• 5. Printed music
• 6. Sound recordings
• 7. Moving images
• 8. Graphic materials
• 9. Electronic resources
• 10. Realia
• 11. Microforms
• 12. Continuing resources

88
AACR2 Part I

• Chapter 13 Analysis Process of preparing a
  bibliographic record that describes a part or
  parts of an item (e.g. an issue of a periodical,
  a chapter of a book)
• Chapters 1-12 have same internal structure
• Order of rules follows order of areas in
  bibliographic description
• Rule numbers reflect area of description
• 2.1 Rules for area 1 for monographs
• 6.1 Rules for area 1 for sound recordings

89
AACR2

• Rule 0.24 states that it is important to bring
  out all the aspects of the item being described.
  This includes content, carrier, type of
  publication, its bibliographic relationships and
  whether it is published or unpublished. The
  cataloger should follow the most specific rules
  applying to the item whenever they differ from
  the general rules.
• Specific format chapters often refer back to
  Chapter 1.
• 9.1B1 Electronic resources Transcribe the
  title proper as instructed in 1.1B.
• Each specific format chapter has a Scope (_.0A1)
  which tells exactly what type of items are
  covered by that chapter.

90
AACR2

• Chief source of information
• Each format has a chief source of information
  listed (_.0B1)
• Information from the chief source is to be
  preferred above all others.
• This section also lists what can be used for a
  substitute.
• The title of an item should always come from the
  chief source of information or the chief source
  substitute.
• Some parts of the description are taken from
  prescribed sources rather than the chief
  source. _0B2 sets these out for each format. If
  information does not come from the prescribed
  source it must be in square brackets.

91
AACR2 Part II

• Part II applies to all materials, regardless of
  format.
• Rules for Choice and Form of entry for access
  points
• Choice is decision about what access points are
  needed
• Form is decision about the authorized form in
  which they will be made.
• AACR2 Part II chapters
• 21. Choice of access points
• 22. Headings for persons
• 23. Geographic names
• 24. Corporate bodies
• 25. Uniform titles
• 26. References

92
AACR2 Appendices

• Appendix A Contains rules for capitalization in
  many languages.
• Appendix B Contains lists of abbreviations in
  various languages which may be used in
  bibliographic records
• Appendix C Contains rules for recording within
  the bibliographic record numerals in various
  languages
• Appendix D Contains a glossary of library and
  cataloging terminology
• Appendix E Contains list of initial articles

93
AACR2 2002 Revision

• Not an amendment package this time
• New printing of entire AACR2
• Changes incorporated into text
• Different fonts for text and examples
• Most rules not changed!

94
Conceptual Categories
Bibliographic Resources
Finite Resources
Continuing Resources
Finite Integrating Resources
Continuing Inte-grating Resources
Monographs
Serials
95
Finite and continuing

• Finite Resource
• No formal definition by implication the opposite
  of continuing
• A bibliographic resource issued once or over time
  with a predetermined conclusion (completed within
  a finite number of parts or iterations).
• Includes monographs and finite integrating
  resources.
• Continuing Resource
• A bibliographic resource issued over time with no
  predetermined conclusion.
• Includes serials and ongoing integrating
  resources.

96
Integrating resource

• New definition in AACR2 A bibliographic
  resource that is added to or changed by means of
  updates that do not remain discrete and are
  integrated into the whole. Integrating resources
  can be finite or continuing
• Most common
• Updating loose-leafs
• Updating electronic resources

97
Serial

• Serial
• A continuing resource issued in a succession of
  discrete parts, usually bearing numbering, that
  has no predetermined conclusion.
• Examples include journals, magazines, electronic
  journals, continuing directories, annual reports,
  newspapers, and monographic series.

98
Serial Definition

• What do we mean by
• Discrete?
• Separate parts/issues/articles
• Usually?
• Unnumbered series or first issue not designated
• No predetermined conclusion
• No obvious finiteness

99
Monograph Definition

• Monograph A bibliographic resource that is
  complete in one part or intended to be completed
  within a finite number of parts.
• Bibliographic resource An expression or
  manifestation of a work or an item that forms the
  basis for bibliographic description. A
  bibliographic resource may be tangible or
  intangible.

100
Chapter 12

• Name now Continuing Resources
• Scope expanded
• Serials
• Integrating resources
• Some finite resources
• Reprints of serials
• Finite integrating resources
• Resources with characteristics of serials but
  whose duration is limited

101
Chapter 12

• Not just for serial catalogers any more!
• For monograph catalogers
• Transcribing series statements for monographic
  series in analytical records (NOT of multi-part
  items)
• Creating bibliographic records for updating
  loose-leafs
• Creating bibliographic records for updating
  Internet resources
• Creating series authority records for monographic
  series

102
Resources of limited duration

• Resources that exhibit the characteristics of
  serials, such as successive issues, numbering,
  and frequency, but whose duration is limited
• Function similarly to serials, content or scope
  is not predetermined
• Coverage of events over time
• Unlike multi-part monographs where the scope of
  the material is fixed
• Multi-parts issued in separate volumes- material
  cant be contained in a single volume

103
Limited duration examples

• Regular reports of a limited-term project
• Annual report of a commission that will exist
  only for a limited time
• Newsletters from a non recurring event
• Working papers from a single conference

104
Transcribing title proper Introductory words -
1.1B1

• AACR Do not transcribe words that serve as an
  introduction and are not intended to be part of
  the title.
• Disney presents Sleeping Beauty
• Welcome to NASA quest
• Rule applies to all resources

105
LCRI 1.1B1 Introductory words

• Catalogers judgment
• Look at other sources
• Consider presentation, typography, etc.
• Occurs primarily with moving image materials,
  electronic resources, and popular journals
• Doubt? Longer form as 245 shorter form as 246

106
Introductory words 245

• On t.p. The Iowan Magazine Presents Covered
  Bridges Tours
• 245 00 a Covered bridges tours
• 246 1 i Title on title page a Iowan
  magazine presents covered bridges tours

107
Technical reading

• The first thing to do when cataloging any item is
  to technically read it.
• Technical reading consists of
• Looking carefully at the item to determine what
  type of
• information needs to go into the cataloging
  record
• Is there a title page?
• Are there title variations?
• Is there an edition statement?
• Are there illustrations, maps, portraits, etc.?
• Is there a bibliography, index, etc.
• ???

108
Bibliographic Description Sources of Information

• The information contained in the bibliographic
  description is taken primarily from the item
  itself. This information may appear in different
  forms in different places on the item
• The cataloger first identifies the chief source
  of information for the item
• This is the source within the item which serves
  as the primary source of information for the
  description
• AACR2 guides the cataloger in the selection of
  chief source of information

109
Sources of Information

• Different materials or types of publications will
  have different chief sources of information. For
  monographs, the chief source of information is
  the title page. For a videorecording, it is the
  title frame.
• If there is no title page, the rule directs the
  cataloger to select a substitute for it, and use
  the part of the item supplying the most complete
  information, whether this be the cover, half
  title page, caption, colophon, running title, or
  other part.
• If chief source not used, note needed for source
  of title proper.

110
Sources of Information Definitions

• Title Page Page at the beginning of an item
  bearing the title proper and usually, though not
  necessarily, the statement of responsibility and
  the data relating to publication. The leaf
  bearing the title page is commonly called
  the"title page" although properly called the
  title leaf.
• Cover Original binding of the book. A dust
  jacket is not a cover.
• Half Title Page Brief title printed on a
  separate leaf preceding the main title page.
• Caption Title Title of the work printed on the
  first page of text.
• Colophon Statement at the end of an item giving
  information about the title, author(s),
  publisher, printer, date of publication and/or
  printing.

111
Sources of Information Definitions

• Spine title Title that appears on spine of
  original cover.
• Binders title Title lettered on the cover by a
  binder as distinguished from the title on the
  original publishers cover.
• Verso of title page The page on the back of the
  title page.
• Added title page Title page immediately
  preceding or following the title page chosen as
  the chief source of information.
• Preliminaries The title page(s) of an item, the
  verso of the title page(s), any pages preceding
  the title page(s), and the cover.

112
Sources of Information Prescribed Sources on
Information

• Not all information to be recorded in the
  description can be found on the chief source of
  information. In order to standardize the sources
  within the publication from which a cataloger may
  gather the information to be contained in the
  description, AACR2 identifies prescribed sources
  of information for each area of the description

113
Prescribed Sources on Information for Monographs

• Area
• Title and statement of responsibility
• Edition
• Publication
• Physical description
• Series
• Note
• Standard number

• Prescribed sources
• Title page
• Title page, preliminaries, colophon
• Title page, preliminaries, colophon
• Whole publication
• Series title page, monograph title page, cover,
  rest of publication
• Any source
• Any source

114
Prescribed Sources on Information for Monographs

• Any information to be used in the description
  that was found outside the prescribed sources
  must be enclosed in square brackets ( )

115
Area 1 Title and Statement of Responsibility

• Elements which may appear in area 1
• Title proper
• General material designator (GMD)
• Parallel title
• Other title information
• Statement of responsibility
• MARC field 245
• ISBD punctuation

116
Area 1 Title Proper

• Title proper transcribed exactly as to wording,
  order, and spelling, but not necessarily as to
  punctuation and capitalization (AACR2r, rule
  1.1B1)
• Transcribe Written exactly as it appears on
  the item itself
• First word of title always capitalized rest of
  words not capitalized unless proper noun.

117
Area 1 Title Proper

• If information preceding the title page is
  possessive, it is usually included in the title
  proper, and an alternate title added entry should
  be made for the title without the possessive
  information.
• 100 1 a Simon, Neil.
• 245 00 a Neil Simons seems like old times.
• 246 30 a Seems like old times
• MARC field 245, subfield a

118
Area 1 Parallel Titles and Alternative Titles

• Alternate title second part of a title proper
  that consists of two parts, each of which is a
  title the parts are joined by or. A second
  title of the publication
• Part of 245 a. Precede and follow word or with a
  comma, and capitalize first word of the
  alternative title
• Parallel title Title proper in another language
  and/or script
• Preceded by ISBD punctuation space -- equal sign
  -- space
• MARC field 245, subfield b

119
Area 1 GMDs

• GMD Term indicating the broad class of material
  to which an item belongs
• Follows title proper (before parallel and other
  title information). Enclosed in square brackets
  ( )
• Listed in AACR2, rule 1.1C1. U.S. uses list 2.
  Examples microform, sound recording,
  videorecording, electronic resource, game, flash
  card
• MARC field 245, subfield h

120
Area 1 Other Title Information

• Title borne by an item other than the title
  proper or parallel or series titles. Includes
  subtitles, but does not include other variations
  like spine titles.
• Sometimes difficult to distinguish between title
  proper and other title information
• Typography often provides a clue and is
  determining factor
• Cataloger also considers way in which the title
  information is presented in other parts of the
  publication
• MARC field 245 b preceded by ISBD punctuation
  space -- colon -- space

121
Items with a Collective Title

• The collective title should be transcribed in the
  245, and any appropriate statements of
  responsibility. Often all the author are listed
  on the title page.
• Most of these works with have title main entry.
• An unformatted 505 should be constructed with
  the title and author of all the included works.
• A separate 700 should be made for each author and
  title.
• There is access to the collected title in the
  245. The separate titles are keyword accessible
  from the 505 and there is title access from the
  700 t.

122
Items with a Collective Title Example

• 245 02 a A purrfect romance / c Jennifer Blake,
  Robin Lee Hatcher, Susan Wiggs.505 0 a Out
  of the dark / Jennifer Blake - - A wish and a
  prayer /Robin Lee Hatcher - - Belling the cat /
  Susan Wiggs.               700 12 a Blake,
  Jennifer, d 1942- t Out of the dark.700 12
  a Hatcher, Robin Lee. t Wish and a prayer.700
  12 a Wiggs, Susan. t Belling the cat.

123
ITEMS WITHOUT A COLLECTIVE TITLE

• If the collection lacks a collective title, and
  one work predominates, treat that title as the
  title proper and name the other work(s) in a
  note.
• If the collection lacks a collective title, and
  no one work predominates, treat the item as a
  unit. Use the following examples when treating as
  a unit.

124
EXAMPLES FOR WORKS BY A SINGLE AUTHOR WITHOUT A
COLLECTIVE TITLE

• 100 1 a Hemingway, Ernest, d 1899-1961.
• 245 14 a The old man and the sea b For whom
  the bell tolls / c Ernest Hemingway.
• 246 3 a Old man and the sea For whom the bell
  tolls
• 740 02a For whom the bell tolls.
• 100 1 a Joseph, Harper.
• 245 10 a Speedway b Spin-out Crypto-logic
  / c by Harper Joseph.
• 246 3 a Speedway Spin-out Crypto-logic
• 740 02 a Spin-out.
• 740 02 a Crypto-logic.

125
EXAMPLES FOR WORKS BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS WITHOUT A
COLLECTIVETITLE

• If the collection contains no more than three
  works, enter under the heading appropriate to the
  first and make analytical added entries for the
  second and third works.
• 100 1 a Clancy, Tom, d 1947-
• 245 10 a Patriot games / c Tom Clancy. The
  great train robbery / Michael Crichton.
• 246 3 a Patriot games Great train robbery
• 700 12 a Crichton, Michael, d 1942- t Great
  train robbery.
• 100 1 a Conrad, Joseph, d 1857-1924.
• 245 10 a Heart of darkness / c Joseph Conrad.
  Ethan Frome / Edith Wharton. Emma /
• Jane Austen.
• 246 3 a Heart of darkness Ethan Frome Emma
• 700 12 a Wharton, Edith, d 1862-1937. t Ethan
  Frome.
• 700 12 a Austen, Jane, d 1775-1817. t Emma.

126
EXAMPLES FOR WORKS BY DIFFERENT AUTHORS WITHOUT A
COLLECTIVETITLE

• If the collection contains four or more works
  that are entered under four or more different
  headings, enter the collection under the heading
  for the work named first. Add a partial enhanced
  505 for the other titles. Do not include the
  first title in the 505.
• 100 1 a Austen, Jane, d 1775-1817.
• 245 10 a Sense and sensibility / c by Jane
  Austen.
• 505 20 t Age of innocence / r Edith Wharton --
  t Far from the madding crowd / r Thomas Hardy
  -- t Vicar of Wakefield / r Oliver Goldsmith.

127
Area 1 Statement of Responsibility

• Transcribe statements of responsibility appearing
  prominently in the item in the same order and
  form in which they appear. Precede first
  statement of responsibility with space --
  diagonal slash -- space
• The word prominently (used in such phrases as
  prominently named and stated prominently) means
  that a statement to which it applied must be a
  formal statement found in one of the prescribed
  sources of information
• If statement of responsibility shows more than
  three authors, enter the first name followed by
  mark of omission () and end with et al. In
  square brackets
• Precede each subsequent statement of
  responsibility with space -- semicolon -- space
• MARC field 245, subfield c

128
Area 2 Edition

• Edition All copies produced from essentially the
  same type image (whether by direct contact or by
  photographic or other methods) and issued by the
  same entity.
• Transcribe edition statement as found in tem. Use
  abbreviations as instructed in Appendix C.
• Transcribe statement of responsibility related to
  edition following the edition statement. Precede
  with space -- diagonal slash -- space
• MARC field 250 (statement of responsibility in
  b)

129
Area 3 Material Specific Details

• This area used for items such as videos and
  motion pictures, electronic resources, maps and
  other nonbook items . Specific instructions
  included in chapters for these materials

130
Area 4 Publication, Distribution, etc.

• This area (sometimes called the imprint) gives
  information on the place of publication, the
  publisher or distributor, and the date of
  publication.
• Transcribe the place of publication in the form
  and grammatical case in which it appears. Consult
  Appendix B for abbreviations
• If city alone appears in prescribed source but is
  considered necessary to add state or country,
  supply name in square brackets
• If publisher has two or more offices named in the
  item, give the first named place.
• If first named place not in U.S., give first
  named place in the home country

131
Area 4 Publication, Distribution, etc.

• If location not certain, follow by question mark
  and enclose in square brackets
• If no place or probable place can be identified,
  use s.l. (sine loco) S.l.
• Follow place of publication with space -- colon
  space