Midterm 2

1
Midterm 2

• Mean 79.6 (vs. midterm 1 75)
• Pretty good
• Can do even better next one
• For now, straight curve
• 57/64 A
• 51/64 B
• 44/64 C
• 38/64 D
• Below 38 F

2
Midterm 2

• Additional thoughts
• Grade is merely a ballpark at this point
• Points matter
• Will probably adjust later more lenient
• Extra credit can help you
• If you did poorly
• Just 20 of grade
• You can do better
• Doing well attend lectures, read everything,
  take notes on readings

3
10 19 06

• Chapter 6 conformity
• Theme for today ___________________ on behavior
• 2. Finish up Dijksterhuis Bargh
• 3. Langer ________________
• 4. _________________
• Langers perspective
• Buddhist perspective

4
Attitudes Habit as Predictors of Behavior

• Two Routes to Behavior

__________________
Behavior
_____________________
5
Habit vs. Attitudes

• Table

__________________________
____________________
Attitudes
Habits
______________________
On Environment
On Self
6
Conception to Action Moderators

• Dijksterhuis Bargh (1999) chapter
• Priming operates when we are in ______________
• More responsive to ___________________
• ________________ thought to curtail habitual
  responding
• Less responsive to situational influences
• Therefore, priming effects on behavior
• Should be present with ___________________________
  ____
• Should be absent with ____________________________
  ___

7
Conception to Action Moderators

• Dijksterhuis et al. Chapter
• Study 1
• 2 (type of prime politicians vs. not) x 2
  (mirror vs. not)
• Wrote about nuclear testing
• Dv _________________________________
• No mirror Mirror
• Politician _____________________
• Control _____________________
• - priming has ____________________ condition (not
  self-aware)
• - priming has no effect in _____________________
• - when self-aware, conception/action link is
  suppressed

8
Conception to Action Moderators

• Dijksterhuis et al. Chapter
• Study 2
• 2 (type of prime professors or hooligans) x 2
  (mirror vs. not)
• Trivial pursuit questions
• Dv _____________________
• No mirror Mirror
• Professors ____________________
• Hooligans ____________________
• - priming has effect in no mirror condition (not
  self-aware)
• - priming has no effect in mirror condition
• - when self-aware, _______________________________
  _____

9
Conception to Action Moderators

• Dijksterhuis et al. Chapter
• Conclusions
• 1. _______________, like perceptions, seem to
  automatically prime actions
• 2. This is true for actions that seem __________
  (e.g., of words) and _______________ (e.g.,
  trivia test performance)
• 3. Self-awareness as a moderator a _______
  mechanism preventing such effects

10
Dijksterhuis, Bargh (1999) Conformity

• Are men like mackerels?
• 1) ________
• Direct connection from perception to action
• 2) ________
• We have capacity to stop automatic behavior
• Self-awareness seems to be important in this
  respect
• ____________
• A particular view of automatic social behavior

11
Mindlessness

• Mindlessness
• Doing things by ________________________
• Basis is ________________
• Typing, bike-riding, driving
• Can do without conscious attention
• Indeed conscious attention _______________
• How do you type?
• Dont know
• Think about it while typing slower
• Might social behaviors also be __________?

12
Mindlessness

• ____________ social interactions
• _______________________?
• Fine
• Not
• not so well you want to hear about it?
• my big toe itches
• my underwear is riding up
• OK, but Ive been pondering the meaning of life
• How about those Vikings?
• they sure raped and pillaged a lot

13
Mindlessness

• Scripted interactions
• ____________________________
• how are the kids
• Oh, great, growing up so fast
• Too bad about the Vikings
• ________________ (Michael goes to Sunmart)
• did you find everything you wanted?
• yes
• do you have a More card?
• Yes
• Neither one of us really cares about this
  interaction!

14
Mindlessness

• How many mindless, scripted interactions do we
  have everyday?

15
Mindlessness

• Langer et al. (1978)
• Mindless _____________ with requests
• Study 1 Takes place at a ________________
• When ss ready to make a copy, confederate asks to
  go ahead
• Excuse me. May I use the Xerox machine?

16
Mindlessness

• Study 1
• 3 request conditions
• ________________________
• May I use the xerox machine?
• ________________________
• May I use the xerox machine? Im in a real
  rush
• Seems legit
• ________________________ (mindlessness condition)
• May I use the xerox machine? I have to make
  copies
• The addition adds no new information, but seems
  like an excuse
• 2 levels of _________ (I.e., self-sacrifice)
• 5 pages
• 20 pages
• Thus, 2 x 3 design

17
Mindlessness

• Study 1
• H people are _______ comply when good excuse
• Prediction real excuse gt placebo info, no
  excuse
• H people are _______ comply when there seems to
  be a reason (whether there is or not)
• Prediction real excuse, placebo info (I need to
  make copies) gt no excuse

18
Mindlessness

• Study 1 compliance rates
• Did subject let confederate go ahead?
• no excuse placebo real excuse
• Small (5) ________________________________
• Big (20) ________________________________
• Conclusions
• 1. Mindless when small request and form of excuse
• 2. Rational when large request

19
Mindlessness

• Is social thinker rational or irrational?
• _________ paying attention to information and
  using it correctly
• _________ paying attention to information and
  not using it correctly
• _________ not paying attention, without
  thought
• Besides compliance, there are other consequences
  to mindlessness

20
Mindlessness

• Mindlessness _________________________
• Rich man, fur coat, Rolls Royce
• Rings doorbell at 2 a.m.
• On a scavenger hunt
• must win because ex-wife in competition
• Needs a 3 x 7 piece of wood
• Can you help? if so, 10,000
• Our hapless homeowner
• Wow, 10,000 OK, let me think
• Where is lumber yard? Shoot, dont know. Even
  open at 2 a.m.?
• Reluctantly, gee, Im sorry
• Next day, passes construction site
• 3 x 7
• What is it?

21
Mindlessness

• What did you do yesterday? 1 for each event
  listed
• _________ I ate breakfast,
• Mindful
• I bit toast
• I chewed toast
• I swallowed toast

22
Mindlessness

• Mindlessness _____________________
• Cashier asks would you like a Blarneys credit
  card 10 off
• Yes, OK
• 5 minutes later, sign your new credit card and
  hand it to cashier
• Receipt
• You sign it
• Cashier compares the signatures!

23
Mindlessness

• Mindlessness ____________________
• What tree has acorns?
• What do you call a funny story?
• What do you call the sound made by a frog?
• What do you call the white of an egg?

24
Mindlessness

• _______________
• Looks for patterns, regularities in situation
• Applies appropriate _______ based on past
  experience
• May miss ______________________ information
• Langer (1989)
• There are potentially more dramatic negative
  consequences to mindlessness
• We become trapped by ___________________
• Being trapped has __________________

25
Mindlessness

• ____________________
• If I undergo surgery, lots of pain
• Therefore I will need lots of medication
• not necessarily true
• Random assignment
• Imagine being a football player
• Imagine being being at a dinner party
• Dependent measure _________________________
• Results
• Less medication if imagined being a football
  player
• Thoughts change physiological reality

26
mindlessness

• _______________
• Stereotypes of how old age induces forgetfulness,
  tiredness, etc.
• Could it be that these ___________________________
  ___?
• Stereotypes and behavior
• Thinking about Asians doing better on math test

27
mindlessness

• Old age
• _____________________ people brought to house in
  the country
• Do chores (as opposed to being cared for)
• Also, act like 50 years ago listen to Jack
  Benny, talk about events in the 1950s (in
  present, not past tense)
• 1959 movie
• 1950s trivia
• Purpose _____________________________

28
mindlessness

• Old age
• Results
• In pictures, men looked __________________ after
  experience
• Sitting height (I.e., posture) increases
• ________________ increases
• Joint flexibility increases
• Thoughts affect ____________________ of age!

29
Mindfulness

• _________________
• Person tries to avoid _______________
• By paying attention to what actually happens
• _______________
• Close to experiences (sensing, not interpreting)
• Distant from experiences (sensing, not owning)

30
Mindfulness

• Doing and being
• _______________
• Fixing problems (Ive got to)
• Future oriented (Ive got to do this and that
  and this)
• _____________ (focus on discrepancies and attempt
  to reduce them)
• ________________
• Not fixing problems (dont have to do anything)
• Present oriented
• _____________ (not focused on anything in
  particular)

31
Mindfulness

• Doing and being
• __________ consequences of doing mode
• Get stuff done
• Dont seem lazy to others
• __________ consequences of doing mode
• Driven, Unsatisfied
• Focused on discrepancies (trying to make things
  other than they are)
• Missing _____________________
• Living in _______________________

32
Mindfulness

• Doing and being
• _________ consequences of being mode
• Aware of whats going on
• More experiences
• Can detach from negative thoughts
  (interpretations are just interpretations)
• Relaxed, creative
• Connected with world
• Mind-expanding?
• ___________ consequences of being mode
• _______________ (in Western society)
• Are you weird?
• Why dont you do something?
• Get less done?

33
Mindfulness

• _____________ makes us mindless
• __________
• All about experience
• ____________ (crying one moment, smiling the
  next)
• Lack of interpretation (under-developed
  neocortex, lack of language, conceptual overlay)
• Mindful, experiencing
• ___________
• You have to do this and that and this and that
• ____________
• Always interpreting experiences
• Mindless, living in head, not experiencing

34
Mindfulness

• Perception Thought
• ___________
• Ever changing
• No two moments alike
• A ton of sensory input
• ____________
• Fixed
• Different experiences treated as the same
• Living in head rather than world
• Reality is more complex, wonderful, and shifting
  that we can possibly conceptualize

35
Mindfulness

• How do you become __________?
• 1. When possible, do just one thing at a time
• 2. Pay full attention to whatever you are doing
• 3. When the mind wanders from what you are doing,
  bring it back
• 4. Repeat step _______________________

36
Mindfulness

• Mindfulness what are its goals
• To ___________ the present
• To create freedom from ones thoughts and
  feelings
• To accept __________

37
Mindfulness

• Breathing exercise
• Comments?

38
Mindfulness

• Breathing exercise
• attention rarely stays anywhere
• We can attend to our breathing for a second, but
  then it goes elsewhere
• Much of the time, attention focused on future,
  problem-solving
• Not there
• Not perceiving what is

39
Mindfulness

• Raisin exercise
• Comments?

40
Mindfulness

• Raisin exercise points
• Reality is multi-faceted
• A lot to notice
• Every sensation might be different
• However, rarely do we appreciate the moment
• much of the time we are not getting our moments
  worth
• in any moment, most of us are only partially
  aware of what is really going on
• paying attention in a deliberate manner actually
  changes the experience to a considerable degree