Introduction to Skull and Vertebral column

1
Introduction to Skull and Vertebral column

• Ex. 14 and 15
• Extra structures will be highlighted in red

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Skull

• Use the link provided to help you with the parts
  of the skull www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/sku
  ll/skulltt.htm This one is great!
• http//www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatom
  y/learnem/bones/main_bone.htm quiz
• http//users.erols.com/jrule/dhtml/Skeleton/skelet
  onheadworksx.html build a skeleton game

3
Cranial bones

• Frontal bone (1)
• Parietal bone (2)
• Occipital bone (1)
• Temporal bones (2)
• Sphenoid bone (1)
• Ethmoid bone (1)

4
Anterior view of skull
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Structures to know-cranial bones

• 1. frontal bone-(forehead)
• -locate supraorbital foramen just
  above the eye socket
• -locate frontal sinus (on diagram)
• 2. parietal bones-
• -locate sagittal suture (where a middle
  part line would be in your hair)
• -locate coronal suture or frontal
  suture (runs from ear to ear and separates
  frontal bone from parietal bones)

6
Cranial continued

• 3. occipital bone (back of the head)
• -locate lambdoidal suture (separates parietal
  bones from occipital bone)
• -locate foramen magnum (turn skull upside down
  and see the big hole where the brain and spinal
  cord meet)
• -locate the occipital condyles next to the
  foramen magnum where the atlas attaches to the
  skull
• -external occipital protuberance (bump on the
  back of your head)

7
Cranial continued

• 4. temporal bones-located about where your ears
  attach to your head
• -locate the squamosal (squamous) suture that
  separates the temporal bones from the parietal
  bones
• -locate the external auditory meatus (the outer
  ear hole)
• -locate the mandibular fossa (the indentation
  where the jaw fits to the skull)
• -locate the mastoid process (feel behind your ear
  where there is a bump)
• -locate the styloid process (looks like fangs
  medial to the mastoid process)
• -locate the zygomatic process (helps form the
  cheek bone)
• -locate the carotid canal (an opening near the
  jugular foramen)
• -locate the jugular foramen (right next to the
  occipital condyle)
• -internal acoustic meatus is visible near the
  foramen magnum on the inside only. Careful not
  to mistake this one for the carotid canal, which
  cant be seen on the inside)

8
Cranial continued

• 5. sphenoid bone-(2 on the diagram 14.4 p. 97)
• -locate the sella turcica (Turkish saddle where
  the pituitary gland sits) this is number 8 on
  diagram 14.4
• -sphenoid sinus can only be seen by using the
  book (we dont have a sagittal skull section

9
Cranial again!

• 6. ethmoid bone-look inside the eye socket near
  the bridge of the nose and in the floor of the
  cranial cavity where your brain sits for this one
• -locate cribriform plate 6 in diagram 14.4
  (holes are called olfactory foramina)
• -crista galli (sharp point coming out of
  cribriform plate) 5 on the diagram
• -perpendicular plate (look in the nose for this
  one, it is the superior ½ of the nasal septum)
• -superior nasal conchae (curly bone way up inside
  the nose)
• -middle nasal conchae (curly bone in the nose)
• -ethmoid sinus (look in text for this)

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Facial bones

• Maxilla- (2)
• Palatine bone (2)
• Zygomatic bone (2)
• Lacrimal bone (2)
• Nasal bone (2)
• Vomer bone (1)
• Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Mandible (1)

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Facial bones

• 1. maxillary bones (above lip, forms most of the
  roof of your mouth)
• -maxillary sinus (look in book)
• -palatine process (most of the roof of your
  mouth)
• -alveolar process (where the teeth go)
• -alveolar arch (combination of the processes
  forming a horseshoe shaped arch)
• 2. palatine bones (the back part of the roof of
  your mouth)
• 3. zygomatic bone (cheek bone)
• -temporal process (connects with zygomatic
  process of temporal bone to form the zygomatic
  arch of your cheek)

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Facial bones

• 4. lacrimal bone (squeeze your nose between your
  eyes and your fingers will be close to where the
  lacrimal bone is just inside the eye socket).
  The hole there is the lacrimal fossa.
• 5. nasal bone (hard part of your nose)
• 6. vomer bone (at base of your nose) often called
  a plowshare (forms inferior ½ of nasal septum)
• 7. inferior nasal concha (the remaining curly
  bone inside the nose)

13
Facial bones again.

• 8. mandible (only moveable bone of your face)
• -mandibular condyle (round knob that attaches to
  the skull at the mandibular process of the
  temporal bone-forms the TMJ or temporomandibular
  joint)
• -coronoid process (the sharper pointed end just
  across from the mandibular condyle
• -locate the mental foramen at the base of your
  chin
• -locate the mandibular foramen inside the
  jawbone

14
Fetal skull

• Soft spots on a fetal skull are called
  fontanels..
• There are 4 major ones to know
• Anterior
• Posterior
• Anterolateral
• posterolateral

http//utsurg.uth.tmc.edu/craniofacial/craniosynos
tosis.htm Source for diagram
15
ObjectivesExercise 15

• Identify the major features of the vertebral
  column
• Name the features on a typical vertebrae
• Distinguish between a cervical, thoracic, lumbar
  vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx
• Identify the structures of the thoracic cage
• Distinguish between true and false ribs

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Differences in vertebrae

• -7 cervical (atlas is C 1, axis is C2, Vertebrae
  prominens is C7, all of these have transverse
  foramina in their transverse process),
• -12 thoracic (have demifacets or facets for ribs,
  a long spinous process)
• -5 lumbar vertebrae (very big)
• -5 sacral (fused bones)
• -4 coccyx (fused boens

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Atlas and axis
axis
atlas

• http//www.zoology.ubc.ca/courses/bio204/lab7_phot
  os.htm

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Features of vertebrae

• Not labeled are
• vertebral arch (combination of lamina and
  pedicle)
• -inferior articular process

This is a cervical vertebrae
spinous process
vertebral foramen
laminae
pedicles
superior articular facet
transverse foramina
transverse processes
body
http//www.jdenuno.com/Bones/images/bonescr/Origin
al20Files/cerv3ct.JPG Citation
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Thoracic vertebrae
Facet for rib

• http//www.zoology.ubc.ca/courses/bio204/lab7_phot
  os.htm

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Lumbar vertebrae

• Lumbar are much larger than the others

http//www.jdenuno.com/Bones/images/bonescr/Origin
al20Files/lumver2cr.JPG citation
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Parts of the sacrum and coccyx

• -superior articular process
• -dorsal sacral foramen (the holes on the dorsal
  side)
• -pelvic sacral foramen (the same holes seen from
  the pelvic side)
• -sacral canal
• -tubercles
• -sacral hiatus
• Coccyx (tail bone)

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Ribs and sternum

• Know the difference between true ribs, false ribs
  and floating ribs
• Know the costal cartilage
• The 3 parts of the sternum (the breast bone) are
• -manubrium
• -body
• -xiphoid process (landmark for CPR)

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Curvature

• Know the curvature of the spinal column
• -primary curves form before birth and include the
  thoracic and sacral
• -secondary curves form after birth and include
  the cervical and lumbar

http//www.studentxpress.ie/educ/biology/bio5b.htm
l Citation for diagram
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Practice test

• Go here and find the appropriate link to test
  your skill in AP.
• http//www.wiley.com/college/apcentral/anatomydril
  l/