Ch 12

1
Ch 12

• World War I
• 1914-1918

2
Causes of WWI

• Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of
  Austria-Hungary
• Increase of nationalism
• Military alliances

• Immediate cause of WWI
• Ignoring rights of others in other countries
• Germany formed alliance with Austria-Hungary
• Great Britain formed alliance with France and
  Russia

3
Cause and Effect of WWI

• Alliance made countries feel more powerful
• Tension built

• Often took actions to anger countries
• Weapons made

4
Weapons Gas

• First
• French fired grenades filled with tear gas
  towards German lines

• Eyes filled with tears
• Difficulty in seeing

5
Gas

• Second
• Germans fired canisters of gas towards French

• Caused sneezing

6
Gas

• Third
• Germans fired towards Russian line with liquid
  gas

• Weather was so cold the liquid could not
  vaporize, so attack unsuccessful

7
Gas

• Fourth
• Germans used chlorine gas, in 1915

• Thick cloud of yellow green gas
• Respiratory organs destroyed within seconds
• Coughing
• Choking
• Death

8
Gas

• Fifth
• 1915, British tried using gas

• Wind caused gas to
• Go in wrong direction
• Sometimes came back on their own troops
• To spread out so much it was ineffective

9
Gas

• Sixth
• 1917, Germans used mustard gas

• Gas caused
• Blisters on outside of body and
• Inside of body when inhaled
• Gas remained in soil for months

10
Gas

• 1918 all soldiers equipped with gas detection
  devices
• 1925, countries banned use of gas in war

• Countries expressed disgust of using gas
• Question of usage still arises today

11
Weapons Machine Gun

• 1862 Gatling built a fast firing gun
• 1884 Hiram Maxim invented first machine gun
• Maxim tried to sell guns to Great Britain
• Sold guns to Germany

• Gatling gun, used in Civil War
• The operator had to crank the gun for firing
• British saw no need for this gun
• 1914, Germany had 12,000 by end of war, 100, 000

12
Machine Gun

• Could fire 400-600 bullets in one minute
• Great Britain lost
• 60, 000 men in one
• day of battle
• 3. Machine guns were heavy
• 4. Guns had to be moved by pack animal or truck

• Standard rifle could fire 2 bullets in one minute
• Germans used the machine gun
• Weighed between 66-132 pounds
• Had to wait for guns to be moved

13
Machine Gun

• 5. Guns would overheat
• 6. Allies began to use and produce guns

• 5. Had to be near water
• 6. Guns were mounted on tanks, airplanes, war
  ships, and planes

14
Big Bertha

• Krupp family in Germany designed artillery weapon
• 1914 designed second weapon that could shoot
  shell 9 miles
• Germany had 2 Big Berthas

• Fired shell 100 football fields long
• 2. Named weapon, Big Bertha
• 3.Few forts remained undamaged

15
Big Bertha
16
Dirigibles aka, Zeppelins

• Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German factory owner,
  believed air was best travel
• 1915, Germany used dirigible to drop bombs on
  Allied targets

• Dirigible used for reconnaissance, or tracking
  their own troops
• Destruction and death to Allied troops
• Civilians never knew when attack may occur

17
Zeppelin
18
Tanks

• 1916, Great Britain used tanks
• Problems with usage

• Tank usage motivated soldiers
• Small slit to see through
• Large target for enemy to see them
• Hot inside
• Danger of fuel fire
• Mud got stuck in treads

19
Tanks

• 3. 1917, French placed tanks in battles

• 3. Extremely hot inside
• Could not cross trenches
• Germany had an armor piercing bullet that went
  through the side of tank

20
Treaty of Versailles

• Paris Peace Talks took place in Versailles,
  France in 1919
• The Big Four, U.S., Great Britain, France, and
  Italy had more representatives at meeting and
  dominated the decision-making
• President Wilson had a plan called the Fourteen
  points, that he thought would lead the world to
  peace

21
Treaty of Versailles

• Conference blamed Germany for war

• Germany had to
• Reduce military size
• Not allowed to have tanks, heavy artillery,
  military aircraft, submarines
• Had to pay for war damages
• Territories lost, Poland and Czechoslovakia
  formed

22
Treaty of Versailles

• 2. Austria-Hungary divided
• 3. Ottoman Empire divided
• 4. Conference set up League of Nations
• Germany and other Central Powers not allowed to
  be part of League
• 5. Some believe this League led to one of causes
  of WWII

• 2. Countries of Austria and Hungary formed
• 3. Turkey formed
• 4. Could call in nations when in dispute to help
  settle arguments
• U.S. Congress voted against League, so they did
  not join