Pest Management Concepts Integrated Pest Management

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Pest Management ConceptsIntegrated Pest
Management

• Lecture 16

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IPM
Start of Intervention
EIL
ET
Population Size
Time
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What is IPM?

• A holistic approach to pest management that
  includes
• multiple tactics used in a compatible manner
• pest populations maintained below levels that
  cause economic damage
• conservation of environmental quality (air,
  water, soil, wildlife, and plant life)

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IPM Strategy

• Identification of the problem
• Assessment of damage
• Cost-benefit analysis
• Selection of management tactic(s)
• Implementation of management tactic(s)
• Efficacy assessment
• Follow-up periodic assessment

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Some Tactics of IPM

• Do nothing!
• Regulation
• Host resistance
• Biological control
• Use of pathogens
• Cultural techniques
• Physical and mechanical techniques
• Chemical modification of behavior
• Disruption of physiology

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Do Nothing

• What pest have you identified?
• Is the pest really doing harm?
• How much damage can be sustained without economic
  damage?
• In a successful pest management program, only
  monitoring for the resulting pest population may
  be needed.

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Regulatory Control

• Quarantines-limit movement of pests
• Eradication-must be applied to relatively small
  geographic areas
• Suppression-limit pest levels over large
  geographic areas

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Host Resistance

• Nonpreference-host characteristics that lead away
  from the use of host for food
• Antibiosis-deleterious effects on insect survival
  resulting from feeding on a resistant host
• Tolerance-ability of a host to support a pest
  population that would be damaging to a
  susceptible host

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Biological Control

• Introduction of exotic natural enemies
• Conservation of natural enemies by careful use of
  insecticides or manipulation of the environment
• Augmentation of natural enemies to increase their
  numbers

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Pathogens

• Viruses- limited to cotton production (very
  expensive to culture)
• Bacteria- frequently applied for management of
  lepidoptera (used in stored grain)
• Fungi-require favorable conditions for
  development of epizootics (not very specific)
• Protozoa-has been used successfully for
  grasshopper control on rangeland
• Nematodes-promising for suppression of mosquito
  populations

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Cultural techniques

• Sanitation
• Stock rotation
• Modification of terrain (drain pools where
  mosquitoes develop)

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Physical and Mechanical Techniques

• Heat or cold storage
• Light traps
• Impact or impaction

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Chemical Modification of Behavior

• Sex pheromones
• Aggregation Pheromones
• Oviposition deterring pheromones
• Alarm pheromones
• Trail pheromones
• Repellents
• Feeding deterrents

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Chemical Disruption of Physiology

• Natural inorganic insecticides (sulfer)
• Natural organic insecticides (pyrethrum)
• Synthetic organic insecticides-most popular
  insecticides (organophosphates)
• Insect growth regulators (methoprene)

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Integration of Techniques

• Aeration and biological control

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Integration of Techniques

• Resistant packaging and removal of damaged
  packages

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Integration of Techniques

• Heat treatment and diatomaceous earth

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Integration of Techniques

• Heat and pesticide application
• heat and double sticky tape

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Integration of Techniques

• Attractant and insecticide (lure and kill)
• sex pheromone does not impact product
• reduces the amount of pesticide used
• may reduce need for fumigation

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Integration of Techniques

• Traps and pathogens
• Insects are attracted to the trap with a
  pheromone, but not captured
• The insect contacts the pathogen
• The insect contacts others during mating and
  transfers the pathogen

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Integration of Techniques

• Vegetable oil and insecticide
• reduced by half the amount of pirimiphos-methyl
  needed to kill 100 of granary weevils in stored
  wheat

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Integration of Techniques

• Insecticide and cooling
• pyrethroid insecticides are more toxic at lower
  temperatures
• lower temps limit pest population growth

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The End Bugs Fight Back