Groups

1
Chapter 12

• Groups

2
General attributes of Groups

• Group Formation
• Provide for psychological and social needs
• Goal achievement
• Knowledge and information
• Security needs
• Contributes to social identity
• How groups function
• Roles
• Status
• Norms
• cohesiveness

3
Deindividuation

• The Crowd (Le Bon, 1896)
• Examples
• Anonymity in the lab
• Halloween costumes
• Military uniforms
• Explanations
• Evaluation apprehension
• Reduced self-awareness
• Positive or Negative

4
Classification of group tasks

• Additive tasks pool all the efforts of the
  group members
• Compensatory tasks average choices
• Disjunctive tasks only one correct answer, only
  one member need be correct
• Conjunctive tasks group members perform the
  same task, but do not add them together

5
Social Facilitation

• Triplett (1898) vs. Ringleman (1880)
• Mere presence of others
• Drive Theory of Social Facilitation (Zajonc)
• Presence of others leads to arousal
• Arousal increases dominant responses
• Why others are arousing
• Evaluation
• Distraction-conflict theory

6
Social Loafing

• Lower performance in conjunction with others
  (Latane, 1979)
• Why does social loafing occur?
• Less effort
• Less coordination
• Reducing social loafing
• Identify performance
• Increase group cohesiveness
• Reward group performance
• Interesting and complex tasks

7
Decision Making

• Risky Decisions
• Group Polarization
• Decisions
• attitudes
• Role of culture
• Explanation
• Informational influence
• Social comparison

8
Group Think

• Examples
• Janis characteristics of groupthink
• Countering groupthink
• Leader encourage debate and free expression
• Subgroups working independently
• Outside experts
• Second-chance meetings
• Secret ballots

9
Discontinuity

• Cooperate or compete
• Individuals decisions based on
• Reciprocity
• Personal orientations
• Communication
• Groups decisions based on
• Fear
• Greed

10
Perceived Fairness

• Judgments of fairness
• Distributive Justice
• Procedural Justice
• Interpersonal Justice
• Reactions to perceived unfairness
• Distributive Justice alter contributions
• Procedural and Interpersonal
• Seek power
• Covert techniques