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Medical Terminology

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Title: Medical Terminology


1
Medical Terminology
  • Genitourinary System
  • Chapter 12

2
Anatomy and Physiology
  • Structures
  • two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra
  • monitors, regulates extracellular fluids
  • excretes harmful substances in urine
  • nitrogenous wastes (urea)
  • returns useful substances to bloodstream
  • maintain balance of water, electrolytes (salts),
    acids, pH in the body fluids

3
Macroscopic Structures
  • ren/o and nephr/o
  • cortex, medulla
  • renal artery, renal vein
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • urethra

4
Excretion
  • urination
  • micturition
  • voiding

5
Microscopic Structures
  • nephron
  • glomerulus glomerul/o
  • renal pelvis pyel/
  • filtration, reabsorption, secretion

6
Formation of Urine
  • blood filtered to glomerulus
  • capillary walls thin
  • blood pressure higher inside capillaries than
    in Bowmans capsule

7
Formation of Urine
  • causes filtration of fluid into capsule
  • this fluid is initial urine and equivalentto
    protein free plasma

8
Formation of Urine
  • in healthy nephron, neither protein nor RBCs
    filter into capsule
  • in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and large
    amount of water reabsorbed back to capillaries
  • salts selectively reabsorbed according to bodys
    needs
  • water reabsorbed with salts

9
Formation of Urine
  • nitrogen-containing waste products of protein
    metabolism, urea and creatinine, pass on through
    tubules to be excreted in urine
  • urine from all collecting ducts empties into
    renal pelvis
  • urine moves down ureters to bladder
  • empties via urethra

10
  • An obstruction along this path can set the stage
    for infection. Obstruction may be kidney
    stone enlarged prostate gland or tumor.
  • Any blockage causes stasis and diminished flow
    of urine, and bacteria thrive in the stagnant
    fluid

11
Male Reproductive System
  • Functions
  • produce sperm
  • transport viable sperm

12
  • Testes or testicles
  • seminiferous tubules
  • produce sperm
  • secrete testosterone
  • Scrotum or scrotal sac
  • epididymis
  • stores sperm
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory duct

13
Urethra and Penis
  • Urethra is the common reproductive and urinary
    channel
  • Penis is the male sex organ that transports sperm
    into the female vagina
  • glans penis covered by prepuce or foreskin
  • prepuce or foreskin removed during circumcision

14
Pathology of the Urinary System
15
Pyelonephritis
  • caused by pyogenic E. coli, Streptocci,
    Staphylococci
  • infections usually ascend that originate in lower
    tract or may be descending infection carried by
    bloodstream or lymph
  • any obstruction paves way for infection due to
    stagnation of urine
  • bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria

16
Acute Glomerulonephritis
  • common, children and young adults
  • often from previous streptococcal infection
    strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever.
  • chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema
  • albuminuria, hematuria, casts often present
  • a degenerative inflammation of glomeruli

17
  • Glomerular membrane inflammed
  • permeable, proteinuria, casts
  • May have repeated episodes called
  • chronic glomerulonephritis

18
Nephrolithiasis
  • Dissolved urine salts begin to solidify
  • asymptomatic
  • size increase may result in obstruction
  • intense radiating pain from kidney area to groin
    - colic
  • stone may block flow of urine
  • hydronephrosis

19
Nephrolithiasis
  • can be partially dissolved by medication then
    passed
  • may be crushed by lithotripsy
  • if immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy
  • if performed out of water - nephrotripsy
  • nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith,
    cystolith

20
Bladder Neck Obstruction
  • Blockage of bladder outlet
  • causes
  • prostatic hypertrophy
  • calculus, blood clot, tumor
  • cystitis

21
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
  • Prostate enlarges and decreases size of urethral
    lumen
  • Retained urine - cystitis - nephritis
  • transurethral resection (TURP)

22
Acute Tubular Necrosis
  • Ischemia, Nephrotoxic injury
  • oliguria
  • hypercalcemia

23
Carcinoma of the Prostate
  • dysuria, frequency, hematuria
  • bilateral orchiectomy

24
End of Chapter 12
  • Chapter 9
  • Genitourinary System
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