Review: Sleep

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• Review Sleep Dreams
• - EEG changes during sleep
• - synchronized/ desynchronized activity
• - paradoxical features of REM sleep
• - brain areas SCN, pons
• - function of sleep 2 theories
• - function of dreams/ REM sleep- evidence?
• - VIDEO
• - 1. Word association test during REM
• - 2. Learning task with REM deprivation

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CHAPTER 9

• Memory and Consciousness

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Overview An Information-Processing Model of the
Mind

• Sensory Memory
• Working Memory
• Long-Term Memory
• Control Processes

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An Information-Processing Model of the Mind
What moves information from one store to other?
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Answer Control Processes - Attention,
Encoding, Retrieval
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Sensory Memory and Attention The Portal to
Consciousness

• Sensory Memory as a Store
• Selective Nature of Attention
• Unconscious, Automatic Processing of Input

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Visual Sensory memory The Icon Sperling
(1960)- reading letters up to 1/3 sec after
display Eriksen Collins (1967)- superimpose
2 icons Conclusion Iconic memory lasts about
1/3 of second
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Rock Guttman (1981) Task attend to red
shape Test recognition for red and green
shapes Result performed at chance level for
recognition of unattended shapes, but did
notice unusual characteristics
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Evidence for our ability to screen out irrelevant
info!!
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Priming Evidence that sensory input can
influence behavior/ thought without itself being
conscious
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Automatic, Obligatory Processing Stroop Effect
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Working Memory The Active, Conscious Mind

• Verbal Phonological Loop
• Visual Visuospatial Sketch Pad
• Importance of Prefrontal Lobes in Working Memory

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The visuospatial sketch pad Kosslyn (1993)
Task In your memory, focus on back of boat Q
Was there a a) motor b) window c)
anchor? Answers took longer for c) than for b)
than for a)
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Encoding Information into Long-Term Memory

• Elaboration
• Organization
• Visualization

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Craig Tulving (1975) Evidence for value of
elaboration
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Value of organization for long term
memory DEMO Task remember as many words
as you can
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mouse hot net trap milk tiger cookie cat wheat
moth cage
field bear tan cheese cool butterfly sun cow yello
w bread germ
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Multiple Memory Systems Beyond the Modal Model

• Distinctions Among Explicit and Implicit Memory
  Systems
• Neuropsychological Evidence for Separate Memory
  Systems

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Temporal lobe amnesia Case of H.M. Evidence for
two types of memory
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Retrieving Information from Long-Term Memory

• The Role of Time
• Interference as a Cause of Forgetting
• Mental Associations and Memory Retrieval Cues
• Memory Construction as a Source of Distortion

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