ROME

1
ROME
FOUNDING THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

• CONFLICTS OF THE ORDERS-
• Plebeians increase power through
• Plebeians forced the govt. to write down the
  laws-
• Placed in the Forum-
• Only the wealthy could afford to hold office b/c-

• PUNIC WARS
• FIRST PUNIC WAR
• Gain-
• Second Punic War
• Hannibal-
• crossed the Alps
• used foot soldiers, horses, elephants
• Gained-
• making it the most powerful force in the
  Western Mediterranean
• Third Punic War
• Rome destroyed-
• Rome was the supreme power in the Mediterranean

• LOCATION
• Italy
  
• Alps
• GREEK INFLUENCE
• Roman gods mirrored Greek gods
• Myths were similar

• EARLY REPUBLIC
• Republic form of govt.-
• ________________________
• Most influential b/c it controlled public funds
  and decided foreign policy
• In time of emergency the senators propose that a
  citizen be named dictator-
• _________________________
• Elected for one yr. term
• Served as consuls-
• Each consul had veto-
• __________________________
• Citizens in the assemblies voted on laws and
  elected officials
• Elected 10 officials called tribunes-

• PROBLEMS OF EXPANSION
• Controlling the provinces-
• ____________________- administered the law
• They were paid very little so they-
• They were not concerned w/ the well being of the
  people
• The Returning Soldiers
• Farms were ruined and forced to sell their land
• Rome became dependent on the provinces for grain
• People moved to the cities and became dependent
  on the govt. for food
• Gap b/w the rich and poor increased

• ROME EXPANDS
• The Army
• Every male citizen who owned land was required to
  serve
• Legion-
• Auxilia-
• Treatment of the Conquered
• Granted full citizenship in order to make them
  loyal to Rome

2
BIRTH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
WEAK REPUBLIC TAIL OF TWO BROTHERS

• _________________________
• Helped the soldiers by proposing land reforms
• Popular
• Senators thought his power was dangerous so they
  killed him.

• _________________________
• Used public funds to buy grain and sold it at a
  low price
• He was killed

VIOLENCE BECAME APART OF ROMAN POLITICS

• MILITARY AND CIVIL WAR
• Gaius Marius created an army of volunteers and
  rewarded them w/ money and land that had been
  conquered, making them loyal to the
  _____________________________ and not the
  ____________________________
• Civil War Broke out Among the Generals
• _________________________________________-
  marched on Rome and made himself dictator
• Any army commander w/ loyal troops could force
  the Senate to do his bidding

THE RULERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

• CAESAR
• HOW HE GAINED POWER
• Nephew of Marius
• Popular general and popular with the poor
• First Triumvirate-
• Steps To Becoming Dictator
• Gained power by bring Gaul (Fr) under Rome rule
• Pompey became sole consul and ordered Caesar Home
  w/o his army
• Caesar refused and marched on Rome which was
  considered a declaration of war.
• Pompey went to Greece and was defeated
• Caesar went to Egypt, put ______________________
  on the throne as an ally of Rome
• Senate named him dictator for life
• RULE UNDER CEASAR
• Increased the size of the Senate but reduced
  their power
• Fearing his power the Senators killed him in the
  Senate.
• Ides of March-

• SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
• Made up of
• Antony and Octavian divide the empire
• Antony-
• Octavian-

• ANTONY
• Retook Syria and Asia Minor, then joined
  Cleopatra in Egypt
• Octavian declared war on Antony
• Built up power in Rome
• Took Alexandria
• Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide

• OCTAVIAN-
• To avoid Caesars fate he called himself princes-
• Rome became the Roman Empire
• It covered-
• Entered a time period known as Pax Romana-

3
PAX ROMANA EMPERORS CALLED- _____________________
- adopted son of Augustus, adequate but disliked
ruler _____________________- brutal and insane
was murdered _____________________- intelligent
and wise, conquered____________________, poisoned
by his _________ _____________________- last of
the Julio-Claudians, blamed for the burning of
Rome, killed himself
ROMAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE

• FACTORS THAT HELPED MAKE THE EMPIRE
• Strong govt.
• _____________- ran the govt, made all polices,
  appointed officals
• Law- ____________________________
• Unified the empire
• Trade and Transportation
• ________________- ivory
• ________________- silk
• ________________-pepper
• Army built roads and bridges to serve to move and
  reinforcements and supplies quickly
• Roads promoted trade, communication, paved,
  built to last, designed to carry heavy military
  paved, pavement on several layers of broken stone
  and crushed chalk
• Roman Army
• Kept the peace

• LIFE IN THE EMPIRE
• Daily Life
• Rich citizens-
• Most Romans-
• Slaves
• Person gained status by owning slaves
• Could buy their freedom
• Skilled slaves held positions of trust. Doctors,
  teachers
• Role of men, women and children
• ___________ was at the heart of Roman society
• Men-
• Women-
• Children-

• Religion- Romans sought to achieve harmony
• Worshiped ancestral sprits
• Belief were influenced by Greeks
• State religion to promote patriotism and state
  loyalty
• Fun
• Theater, mimes, jugglers, dancers, acrobats,
  clowns, chariot racing held in the Circus Maximus
  
• Colosseum-
• Science and Arts
• Engineer-
• Aqueducts-
• Literature
• Virgil-
• Language
• Adapted Greek alphabet
• We use Roman and Latin alphabet
• Latin-

4
CHRISTIANITY

• To keep the peace Rome allowed the practice of
  different religions as long-
• Jews
• Lived in Judea,
• Believed in a Messiah that would lead them to
  freedom
• Revolted against Rome and Rome destroyed all of
  Jerusalem except the western wall of the Second
  Temple-
• Rabbis-
• Christianity founded by followers of-

• TEACHINGS OF JESUS
• Greatest influence in the Western world
• Recorded in the Gospels of
• first 4 books of the-
• Grounded in Jewish traditions
• One true God who cares for people more than laws
  and rituals
• Promised forgiveness and eternal life

DEATH OF JESUS Romans feared Jesus Arrested as an
enemy of the state Trial before- Crucified Believe
rs- Followers stopped worshipping the emperor,
spoke out against polytheism and converted
others Roman view- Christianity grew so large
the Roman law accepted it as a religion

• ROMANS ADOPT CHRISTIANITY
• ______________________- supported and was
  bapitized
• ______________________- made it the offical
  religion of the empire
• Church organize
• Priest-
• Bishops-
• Patriarch-
• Pope-

FALL OF ROME

• TROUBLE
• Inflation-
• Causes- shortage of silver for coins, more coins
  were minted using less silver making the coins
  less valuable, prices increased so that merchants
  could make money.
• Invaders increasing insecurity

• THE EMPIRE SPLITS
• EAST-
• Supported Christianity
• Constantinople-
• West-

CAUSES OF THE DECLINE The west was first to
decline German invasions Political and military
weakness- grew too lg., too fast and system
failed Military interferance made an unstable
govt. Soldiers were less loyal to Rome Economic
decline

• FINAL INVASIONS
• Germans- Goth, Vandals, Franks
• Huns from-
• Led by-
• Captured-
• Led to a decrease in learning b/c schools,
  libraries were destroyed (knowledge of the
  worlds past was lost)