Newspaper

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Newspaper

• By
• MONA, NOUF, WESAM, ETAAB

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Presentation outline

• 1. newspaper brief history.
• 2. Types of news paper
• 3. Head lines
• types of head lines and
  examples.
• Differences between head lines

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Newspaper history

• For centuries, civilizations have used
  print media to spread news and information to the
  masses. The Roman Acta Diurna, appearing around
  59 B.C, is the earliest recorded newspaper.
  Julius Caesar, wanting to inform the public about
  important social and political happenings,
  ordered upcoming events posted in major cities.
  Written on large white boards and displayed in
  popular places like the Baths, the Acta kept
  citizens informed about government scandals,
  military campaigns, trials and executions. In 8th
  century China, the first newspapers appeared as
  hand-written newsheets in Beijing.

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Newspaper history

• The printing press, invented by Johann
  Gutenberg in 1447, ushered in the era of the
  modern newspaper. Gutenbergs machine enabled the
  free exchange of ideas and the spread of
  knowledge -- themes that would define Renaissance
  Europe. During this era, newsletters supplied a
  growing merchant class with news relevant to
  trade and commerce. Manuscript newssheets were
  being circulated in German cities by the late
  15th century. These pamphlets were often highly
  sensationalized one reported on the abuse that
  Germans in Transylvania were suffering at the
  hands of Vlad TsepesDrakul, also known as Count
  Dracula. In 1556 the Venetian government
  published Notizie scritte, for which readers paid
  a small coin, or gazetta.

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Newspaper history

• In the first half of the 17th century,
  newspapers began to appear as regular and
  frequent publications. The first modern
  newspapers were products of western European
  countries like Germany (publishing Relation in
  1605), France (Gazette in 1631), Belgium (Nieuwe
  Tijdingen in 1616) and England (the London
  Gazette, founded in 1665, is still published as a
  court journal). These periodicals consisted
  mainly of news items from Europe, and
  occasionally included information from America or
  Asia. They rarely covered domestic issues
  instead English papers reported on French
  military blunders while French papers covered the
  latest British royal scandal.

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Newspaper history

• No sooner had newspapers adapted to
  radio than they were forced to re-evaluate
  themselves in light of a new and more powerful
  medium television. Between 1940 and 1990,
  newspaper circulation in America dropped from one
  newspaper for every two adults to one for every
  three adults. Despite this sharp decline,
  televisions omnipresence did not render the
  newspaper obsolete. Some newspapers, like USA
  Today, responded to the technological
  advancements by using color and by utilizing the
  short, quick and to the point stories that are
  usually featured on television.
• The technological revolution of today is
  creating new challenges and opportunities for
  traditional media. Never before has so much
  information been so accessible to so many

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Types of newspaper

• Newspapers can be divided into two sorts
  broadsheets, and tabloids.
• Broadsheet newspapers are the large ones (e.g.
  The Times and The Daily Telegraph)
• Tabloid newspapers are the small ones (e.g. The
  Sun andThe Daily Mirror).
• You may have discovered the following things
  
• Newspaper writing is in columns .
• Newspaper stories are often called articles or
  reports
• All articles' titles are called headlines .

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Types of newspaper

• 4. Many articles have pictures to go with them
  the writing under a picture is called a caption
• 5. Articles are often split into sections by
  subheadings often these are just one word.
• 6. Articles often include interviews with
  people involved in the incident.

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TYPES OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

• Most of the articles you see in The Dispatch are
  news articles. News articles focus only on the
  facts ltETHgt they don't contain anyone's opinion
  There are several types of news articles.
• A local news article focuses on what's going on
  in your neighborhood. An example of a local news
  story would be an article on a city council
  meeting.
• A national news article focuses on what's
  happening in the United States. An example of a
  national news article would be an article on the
  U.S. Senate passing a new bill.
• An international news article focuses on news
  that's happening outside the United States. A
  story on an influenza outbreak in Chile would be
  considered an international news story.

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TYPES OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

• A feature article is an article that is about
  "softer" news. A feature may be a profile of a
  person who does a lot of volunteer work in the
  community or a movie preview. Feature articles
  are not considered news stories.
• An editorial is an article that contains the
  writer's opinion. Editorials are usually run all
  together on a specific page of the paper and
  focus on current events. Editorials are not
  considered news stories.
• A column is an article written by the same person
  on a regular basis. A columnist (the writer of
  the column) writes about subjects of interest to
  him/her, current events or community happenings.
  Columns are not considered news stories.

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TIPS FOR WRITING FEATURES

• A feature article is an article that is about
  "softer" news. A feature may be a profile of a
  person who does a lot of volunteer work in the
  community or a preview of a movie about to hit
  the theaters. Like news writing, strong feature
  writing is simple, clear and orderly. But, unlike
  news stories, feature stories don't have to be
  written about events that just happened. Instead,
  they focus on human interest, mood, atmosphere,
  emotion, irony and humor. Here are some steps to
  follow to help you write a good feature story
• 1. Get the reader's attention quickly. Start
  with a well thought-out first paragraph touching
  on some aspect of the person's life that you are
  writing about or the event if it is not a person.
  Good feature stories have a beginning that
  draws in readers, a transition that might repeat
  it in the middle and an ending that refers to the
  beginning.

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TIPS FOR WRITING FEATURES

• 2. Organize your story carefully. Feature
  stories can be told in narrative fashion or by
  sliding from event to event even though not in
  chronological order. Use careful transitions to
  maintain the flow of the story if you're not
  going to follow chronological order.
• 3. Use short paragraphs effect and vary the
  lengths of sentences for. Reading sentences
  and paragraphs that are always the same length
  gets boring.
• 4. Write with strong verbs and nouns, but go
  easy on adjectives. Try to draw a picture of
  your subject or event through your writing. Read
  the sentences below and think about which paints
  a better picture for your reader The man was
  tall. The man's head almost brushed against the
  eight foot ceiling in the room. The ship sank in
  1900. The ship sank just as the first
  intercontinental railroad was nearing completion.

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TIPS FOR WRITING FEATURES

• 5. Don't be afraid to use offbeat quotes. Not
  profanity, but rather witty things the person may
  say in response to a question about their
  success, life or family.
• 6. Write tightly. You do not need to tell the
  reader everything you know on a subject or event.
  Tell only the most important things. It's better
  to write shorter than longer. A good feature can
  be done in 500-750 words

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Features

• Feature articles are nonfiction articles that
  intend to inform, teach, or amuse the reader on a
  topic. The topic centers around human interests.
  Feature stories may include conventions found in
  fiction such as dialogue, plot and character. A
  feature article is an umbrella term that includes
  many literary structures personality sketches,
  essays, how-to's, interviews and many others.The
  following are examples of feature articles
• Column A short newspaper or magazine piece that
  deals specifically with a particular field of
  interest, or broadly with an issue or
  circumstance of far-reaching scope. They appear
  with bylines on a regular basis (daily, weekly,
  etc.). They may be written exclusively for one
  newspaper or magazine they may be marketed by a
  syndicate, or they may be self-syndicated by the
  author.

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• Essay A short, literary, nonfiction composition
  (usually prose) in which a writer develops a
  theme or expresses an idea.
• Evergreen A timeless article that editors can
  hold for months and publish when needed. They
  need little or no updating.
• Exposè These articles use in-depth reporting
  with heavy research and documentation. Used to
  expose corruption in business, politics or
  celebrities. Also called the investigative
  article.
• Filler Short non-fiction items, usually just
  under 300 words used to fill in space on a page
  of a magazine or newspaper
• How-to How-to articles help people to learn how
  to do something. They provide step-by-step
  information for the reader.
• Human interest story An article that involves
  local people and events and can be sold to daily
  and some weekly newspapers. Human interest
  elements, such as anecdotes or accounts of
  personal experiences, can support ideas in
  magazine articles as firmly as facts or
  statistics. Also called "true-life" stories.
• Interview This feature story type article
  includes the text of the conversation between two
  or more people, normally directed by the
  interviewer. Interviews are often edited for
  clarity. One common variation is the
  roundtable--the text of a less organized
  discussion, usually between three or more people.

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• Op-Ed Articles that run opposite the editorial
  page. They are a response to current editorials
  and topical subjects. Political op-eds are the
  most common, but they don't have to be limited to
  politics. They must, however, reflect items that
  are current and newsworthy.
• Personal experience An article in which the
  writer recounts an ordeal, process, or event he
  has undergone.
• Personality Profile A personal or professional
  portrait--sometimes both-- of a particular
  individual.
• Seasonal An article written about a holiday,
  season of the year, or timely observance. This
  kind of article must be submitted months in
  advance of the anticipated publication date .
• Service Article An article about a consumer
  product or service it outlines the
  characteristics of several of the same type of
  commodity. The aim is to help the consumer make
  the best selection possible.
• Sidebar A short feature that accompanies a news
  story or magazine article. It elaborates on human
  interest aspects of the story, explains one
  important facet of the story in more depth, or
  provides additional factual information--such as
  a list of names and addresses--that would read
  awkwardly in the body of the article. Can be
  found in a box, separated from the main article
  on the side or bottom.
• Travel literature Travel articles inform and
  enlighten the reader through facts about a
  region's landscape, scenery, people, customs, and
  atmostphere.

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Types of articles

• Articles can be divided into two main categories
  news and features. Straight news stories deal
  with the timeliness and immediacy of breaking
  news, while feature articles are news stories
  that deal with human interest topics.
• A NEWS article is an article published in a
  print or Internet news medium such as a
  newspaper, newsletter, news magazine, or
  news-oriented website that discusses current or
  recent news of either general interest (i.e.
  daily newspapers) or on a specific topic (i.e.
  political or trade news magazines, club
  newsletters, or technology news websites).
• A news article can include accounts of
  eyewitnesses to the happening event. It can
  contain photographs, accounts, statistics,
  graphs, recollections, interviews, polls, debates
  on the topic, etc. Headlines can be used to focus
  the readers attention on a particular (or main)
  part of the article. The writer can also give
  facts and detailed information following answers
  to general questions like who, what, when, where,
  why and how. Quoting references can also be
  helpful. References to people can also be made
  through written accounts of interviews and
  debates confirming the factuality of the writers
  information and the reliability of his source.
  The writer can use redirections to ensure that
  the reader keeps reading the article and also
  draws his attention to other articles. For
  example - phrases like continued on page x
  redirects the reader to page number x where the
  article is continued. Conclusions also are very
  important ingredients for newspaper articles.

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Types of articlE

• Other types of articles
• Academic An academic article is an academic
  paper published in a journal. An academic's
  status is usually dependent on how many articles
  they have had published, and also the number of
  times their articles are cited by other articles.
  
• Blog Some styles of blogging are more like
  articles. Other styles are written more like
  entries in a personal journal.
• Encyclopedia In an encyclopedia or other
  reference work, an article is a primary division
  of content.
• Marketing An often thin piece of content which
  is designed to draw the reader to a commercial
  website.
• Usenet Usenet articles are e-mail like messages
  posted to share Usenet newsgroup.
• Characteristics of well-written articles
• The piece is a factual account of a newsworthy
  event.
• The writer is objective and shows all sides to an
  issue.
• The sources for this news story are identified
  and are reliable.

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Body

• Body of feature article
• Feature articles follow a format appropriate for
  its type. Structures for these types of articles
  may include, but are not limited to15
• chronological the article may be a narrative of
  some sort.
• cause and effect the reasons and results of an
  event or process is examined.
• classification items in an article are grouped
  to help aid understanding
• compare and contrast two or more items are
  examined side-by-side to see their similarities
  and differences
• list A simple item-by-item run-down of pieces
  of information.
• question and answer such as an interview with a
  celebrity or expert.
• Body of news story
• For the news story, details and elaboration are
  evident in the body of the news story and flow
  smoothly from the lead.
• Quotes are used to add interest and support to
  the story.
• The inverted pyramid is used with most news
  stories

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Body

• One difference between a news story and a feature
  article is the conclusion. Endings for hard news
  article occur when all of the information has
  been presented according to the inverted pyramid
  form. By contrast, the feature article needs more
  definite closure . The conclusions for these
  articles may include, but are not limited to
• a final quote
• a descriptive scene
• a play on the title or lead
• a summary statement

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The Language of News Stories

• News writing tends to be
• impersonal to make it appear objective (to
  distance the reporter from the story) hence
• written in the third person
• use of direct speech or indirect speech which is
  attributed to someone other than the reporter.
• some use of passive verbs but usually only when
  someone who is being quoted wants to distance
  themselves from an issue and to show their
  objectivity about an issue.
• about something that has taken place so mostly
  written in the past tense

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The Language of News Stories

• simple - in fact close to the way we talk - so
  relatively short sentences and words and some use
  of cliches which the whole audience understands.
• punchy - it must grab the reader's attention so
  often uses
• short rather than long words
• active verbs
• relatively short sentences
• concrete rather than abstract vocabulary
• See this Assessment Resource Bank resource on
  Types of Nouns
• sometimes emotive and colorful vocabulary
• some use (but not overuse) of adjectives
• but also relatively formal hence
• no use of contractions
• sentences written in full (no elision) or
  eliptical sentences
• sometimes imagery is used to help create a
  clearer mental picture for the reader.
• often including the reporter's bi-line and/or a
  date-line

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Headlines

• Stylistic features of headlines
• Alliteration is the repetition of a leading
  consonant sound in a phrase a common example in
  English is " Peter piper picked a peck of pickled
  peppers
• Assonance is repetition of vowel sounds to create
  internal rhyming within phrases or sentences, and
  together with alliteration and consonance serves
  as one of the building blocks of verse. For
  example, in the phrase "Do you like blue?", the
  "oo" (ou/ue) sound is repeated within the
  sentence and is assonant.
• Assonance is more a feature of verse than prose.
  It is used in (mainly modern) English-language
  poetry, and is particularly important in Old
  French, Spanish and Celtic languages.

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Headlines

• A cliché (from French, kl?'?e) is a phrase,
  expression, or idea that has been overused to the
  point of losing its intended force or novelty,
  especially when at some time it was considered
  distinctively forceful or novel. The term is most
  likely to be used in a negative context.
• Cliché" applies also to almost any
  situation, plot device, subject,
  characterization, figure of speech, or objectin
  short, any signthat has become overly familiar
  or commonplace.
• Because the novelty or frequency of an
  expression's use varies across different times
  and places, whether or not it is a cliché depends
  largely on who uses it, the context in which it
  is used, and who is making the judgment.
• The meaning of a particular cliché may shift
  over time, often leading to confusion or misuse
• Quote
• It is a cliché that most clichés are true, but
  then, like most clichés, that cliché is untrue.

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Headlines

• A euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable
  or less offensive expression in place of one that
  may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the
  listener or in the case of doublespeak, to make
  it less troublesome for the speaker.1 It also
  may be a substitution of a description of
  something or someone rather than the name, to
  avoid revealing secret, holy, or sacred names to
  the uninitiated, or to obscure the identity of
  the subject of a conversation from potential
  eavesdroppers. Some euphemisms are intended to be
  funny

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Headlines

• Irony is a literary or rhetorical device, in
  which there is an incongruity or discordance
  between what a speaker or a writer says and what
  he or she means, or is generally understood.
• In modern usage it can also refer to
  particularly striking examples of incongruities
  observed in everyday life between what was
  intended or said and what actually happened.
• There is some argument about what is or is
  not ironic, but all the different senses of irony
  revolve around the perceived notion of an
  incongruity between what is said and what is
  meant or between an understanding of reality, or
  an expectation of a reality, and what actually
  happens.
• Irony can be funny, but it does not have to
  be.

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Types of irony

• Most modern theories of rhetoric distinguish
  between three types of irony verbal, dramatic
  and situational.
• Verbal irony is a disparity of expression and
  intention when a speaker says one thing but
  means another, or when a literal meaning is
  contrary to its intended effect.
• Dramatic (or tragic) irony is a disparity of
  expression and awareness when words and actions
  possess a significance that the listener or
  audience understands, but the speaker or
  character does not.
• Situational irony is the disparity of intention
  and result when the result of an action is
  contrary to the desired or expected effect.
  Likewise, cosmic irony is disparity between human
  desires and the harsh realities of the outside
  world (or the whims of the gods). By some older
  definitions, situational irony and cosmic irony
  are not irony at all.

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Headlines

• METAPHOR The user interface of newspapers has
  been developed and standardized throughout
  centuries. Despite sociological differences,
  publishers and editors from different parts of
  the world can meet to discuss the content, role,
  and technology of newspapers--just as readers
  from different parts of the world can pick up a
  local paper and immediately know how to read it
  if the written language is known. The different
  elements of the newspaper interface are
  collectively known as the "newspaper metaphor".
  It is important to understand how the various
  elements of the newspaper work together before
  trying to transcode them into new media The front
  page is the most distinct feature of the
  newspaper format. It was invented 300 years ago.

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Headlines

• pun (or paronomasia) is a phrase that
  deliberately exploits confusion between
  similar-sounding words for humorous or rhetorical
  effect.
• A pun may also cause confusion between two
  senses of the same written or spoken word, due to
  homophony, homography, homonymy, polysemy, or
  metaphorical usage. Walter Redfern has said "To
  pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms"1. For
  example, in the phrase, "There is nothing punny
  about bad puns", the pun takes place in the
  deliberate confusion of the implied word "funny"
  by the substitution of the word "punny", a
  heterophone of "funny". By definition, puns must
  be deliberate an involuntary substitution of
  similar words is called a malapropism.
• Puns are a form of word play, and occur in
  all languages, with the exception of Lojban.

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Headlines

• Repletion of words in headlines is for emphasis
  and very strong dramatic effect.
• Example out out out .
• Shared knowledge, many headlines assume shared
  cultural knowledge and shared general knowledge
  between the headline writer and the reader. This
  include the use of only first names or surnames
  of people are considered so well-known that
  stating their full name, position or title or
  reason for prominence is considered unnecessary.
• Example kiss for Harry as he meets pop idols.
• Simile is describing one thing by linking it to
  another
• Example villagers sick as a parrot.

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Resources

• www.wecapedia.com