THE SEDIMENTARY ARCHIVES

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CHAPTER 3

• THE SEDIMENTARY ARCHIVES

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THE TECTONIC SETTING

• CRATONS
• SHIELDS
• PLATFORMS
• OROGENIC BELTS

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS OF DEPOSITION

• THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
• THE TRANSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
• THE CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT

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DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
CONTINENTAL
TRANSITIONAL
MARINE
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THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

• SHALLOW MARINE
• DEEP MARINE

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SHALLOW MARINE
CORAL REEF
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FOSSIL CORAL REEF - FLORIDA KEYS
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DEEP MARINE
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THE TRANSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT

• DELTAS
• BEACHES
• BARRIER ISLANDS
• LAGOONS
• TIDAL FLATS

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DELTAS
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BEACH
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LAGOON
BARRIER ISLAND
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TIDAL FLAT
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THE CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT

• FLUVIAL (RIVER)
• EOLIAN (DESERT)
• LAKE
• GROUNDWATER
• GLACIAL

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FLUVIAL
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EOLIAN
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PLAYA LAKE
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GROUNDWATER
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GLACIAL
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SEDIMENTARY ROCK COLOR

• BLACK COLORATION
• ORGANIC CARBON IRON
• RED COLORATION
• IRON OXIDE

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TEXTURAL INTERPRETATION OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS

• SIZE OF CLASTIC GRAINS
• SORTING OF CLASTIC GRAINS
• SHAPE OF CLASTIC GRAINS
• ARRANGEMENT OF CLASTIC GRAINS

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WENTWORTH SCALE
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WELL SORTED
POOR SORTING
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COARSE
FINE
CARBONATES
GRADATION OF SEDIMENTS IN A NEAR SHORE ENVIRONMENT
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ROUNDED GRAINS
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ROUNDED
LOW SPPHERICITY
ANGULAR
ROUNDED
HIGH SPHERICITY
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GRAIN ORIENTATION STUDY
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SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

• MUD CRACKS
• CROSS-BEDDING
• GRADED BEDDING
• RIPPLE MARKS

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MUD CRACKS
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CROSS BEDDING
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CROSS BEDDING
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CROSS BEDDING
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CROSS BEDDING IN A DELTA
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GRADED BEDDING
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MODERN RIPPLE MARKS
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RIPPLE MARKS
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SYMMETRIC
ASYMMETRIC
RIPPLE MARKS
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SEDIMENTARY WAY-UP STRUCTURES
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GEOPETAL INDICATORS
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INTERPRETATIONS OF SANDS AND SANDSTONE

• QUARTZ SANDSTONE
• ARKOSE
• GRAYWACKE
• LITHIC SANDSTONE (SUBGRAYWACKE)

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SANDSTONE CAATEGORIES
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DEPOSITION OF QUARTZ SANDSTONE
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DEPOSITION OF ARKOSE
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GRAYWACKE
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DEPOSITION OF GRAYWACKE
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DEPOSITION OF LITHIC SANDSTONE
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INTERPRETATION OF CARBONATE ROCKS

• LIMESTONE CaCO3
• DOLOMITE CaMgCO3

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BAHAMA BANKS
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OOLITIC LIMESTONE
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INTERPRETATION OF CLAYS AND SHALES

• QUARTZ SHALES
• FELDSPATHIC SHALES
• CHLORITIC SHALES
• MICACEOUS SHALES

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SHALE
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THIN SECTION OF SHALE
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THE SEDIMENTARY ROCK RECORD

• ROCK UNITS
• FORMATION MAPPABLE UNITS IDENTIFIED BY THEIR
  DISTINCTIVE LITHOLOGIC AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES
• FACIES
• CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT OF
  DEPOSITION

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FORMATIONS
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AGE DIFFERENCE OF SANDSTONE DEPOSIT
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FACIES
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TRANSGRESSION
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REGRESSION
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WALTHER'S PRINCIPLE
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SEA LEVEL CHANGES

• VAIL CYCLE
• EPEIRIC SEAS

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VAIL CYCLE
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EPEIRIC SEA
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GEOLOGIC CORRELATION

• CORRELATION THE DETERMINATION OF THE
  EQUIVALENCE OF BODIES OF ROCKS IN DIFFERENT
  LOCATIONS

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CORRELATION
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WELL
SURFACE ROCKS
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UNCONFORMITIES

• ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
• NONCONFORMITY
• DISCONFORMITY

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ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
NONCONFORMITY
DISCONFORMITY
UNCONFORMITIES
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SEDIMENTARY
NONCONFORMITY CONTACT
IGNEOUS
NONCONFORMITY
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DEPICTING THE PAST

• GEOLOGIC COLUMNS AND CROSS-SECTIONS
• GEOLOGIC MAPS
• PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS
• ISOPACH MAPS
• LITHOFACIES MAPS

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GEOLOGIC CROSS-SECTION
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GEOLOGIC MAP
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GEOLOGIC MAP
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MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD
PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAP
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CONSTRUCTION OF A PALEOGEOGRAPHIC MAP
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CONSTRUCTION OF AN ISOPACH MAP
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ORDOVICIAN ISOPACH MAP
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CONSTRUCTION OF A LITHOFACIES MAP
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SILURIAN LITHOFACIES MAP
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GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK
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GRAND CANYON CROSS-SECTION