Whats

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Whats The MATTER?
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Physical Properties of Matter
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SOLIDS

• Steel, plastic and wood are solids at room
  temperature. Ice is solid water. The particles
  in a solid have the following characteristics
• they are close together
• they are arranged in a regular pattern
• they are held together by strong forces called
  bonds
• they can vibrate in a fixed position
• they cannot move from place to place

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The table shows some of the properties of solids
and why they are like this.
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Liquids
Mercury, lemonade and water are liquids at room
temperature. The particles in a liquid are
close together arranged in a random way
The particles in a liquid can move around
each other The bonds in a liquid are strong
enough to keep the particles close together, but
weak enough to let them move around each other.
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The table shows some of the properties of liquids
and why they are like this.
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Solids and liquids

• 1. Heating and cooling
• Heat can change solids into liquids or
  gases. Most solids melt into liquid when
  they are heated. A liquid evaporates into a
  gas when it is heated.
• Removing heat (cooling) changes a
  substance from a gas to a liquid to a
  solid. A gas condenses into a liquid when
  it is cooled. A liquid freezes into a solid
  when it is cooled.

ACTIVITY
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Solids and liquids

• 2. Solids
• Solids stay in one place and can be held.
• Solids keep their shape. They do not flow like
  liquids.
• Solids always take up the same amount of
  space. They do not spread out like gases.
• Solids can be cut or shaped.
• Even though they can be poured, sugar, salt and
  flour are all solids. Each particle of salt, for
  example, keeps the same shape and volume.
• Heating a solid can turn it into a liquid.
• Cooling a liquid can turn it into a solid.

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Examples of Solids
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Solids and Liquids

• 3. Liquids
• Liquids can flow or be poured easily. They
  are not easy to hold.
• Liquids change their shape depending on the
  container they are in.
• Even when liquids change their shape, they
  always take up the same amount of space. Their
  volume stays the same.
• Heating a liquid can turn it into a gas.
• Cooling a liquid can turn it into a solid.
• Heating a solid can turn it into a liquid.
• Cooling a gas can turn it into a liquid.

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Examples of Liquids
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Gases

• Air helium and chlorine are gases at room
  temperature. Steam and water vapor are water as a
  gas. The particles in a gas are
• far apart
• arranged in a random way
• The particles in a gas can
• move quickly in all directions
• There are no bonds between the particles
  in a gas, so they are free to move in any
  direction.

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Solids, Liquids, Gases

• 4. Gases
• Gases are often invisible.
• Gases do not keep their shape or always
  take up the same amount of space. They
  spread out and change their shape and
  volume to fill up whatever container they
  are in.
• Gases can be squashed.
• Heating a liquid can turn it into a gas.
• Cooling a gas can turn it into a liquid.

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Examples of Gases
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The table shows some of the properties of gases
and why they are like this.
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• The table summarizes the arrangement and
  movement of the particles in solids, liquids and
  gases. It also shows simple diagrams of the
  arrangement of the particles that you should be
  able to draw and recognize.

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Flowing

• If you spill a drink on the table top, it
  spreads over the table and drips off the edge on
  to the floor. Liquids and gases can flow but
  solids cannot. The particle model explains why.
• Solids cannot flow because their particles are
  only able to vibrate and cannot move from place
  to place.
• Liquids can flow because their particles can
  move over each other. When water is poured into a
  glass, the particles of water move over each
  other and into the corners of the glass. The
  particles keep on moving over each other as the
  water takes the shape of the glass. The animation
  shows how this works.
• Demonstration
• Gases can flow because their particles can
  move in all directions. When a Bunsen burner
  is connected to a gas tap and turned on,
  natural gas flows through the rubber tubing.
  The particles of natural gas are free to move
  anywhere inside the tubing, and pressure
  forces them through the tubing into the
  Bunsen burner.

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Pressure in gases

• If you ride your bike over a bump in the road,
  you will be pleased that gases exert pressure on
  the walls of their container. A pumped-up tire
  cushions the rider against bumps, but a flat tire
  does not. The pressure of the air inside a flat
  tire is just too low to do this.
• The particles in a gas move quickly in all
  directions, but they don't get far before they
  bump into each other or the walls of their
  container. When gas particles hit the walls of
  their container they cause pressure. The more
  particles that hit the walls, the higher the
  pressure. This is why the pressure in a tire or
  balloon goes up when more air is pumped in. If
  too much air is pumped in, the pressure is so
  high that the tyre or balloon bursts.

Bumping particles
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Gas particles hit the walls of their container
and cause pressure
If a gas is heated up, its particles move around
more quickly. They hit the walls of their
container harder and more often. This increases
the pressure. Sometimes the pressure gets so
great that the container bursts. This is why
deodorant spray cans carry warning signs to tell
you not to leave them in the sunshine, in case
they get too hot.
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Diffusion

• If someone in a room uses a deodorant spray, it
  doesn't take long for everyone else in the room
  to smell it. This is because of diffusion.
  Diffusion in Gases
• When a smelly gas such as a deodorant is
  let loose in a room, its particles mix with
  the particles of air. The particles of smelly
  gas are free to move quickly in all
  directions. They eventually spread through the
  whole room. This is called diffusion. You
  don't have to mix the smelly gas by waving
  your arms around - it mixes on its own.
  Diffusion in gases is quick because the
  particles in a gas move quickly. It happens
  even faster in hot gases

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Diffusion happens quickly in gases.
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Diffusion in liquids

• Diffusion can also happen in liquids. This is
  because the particles in liquids can move around
  each other until they mix evenly. Diffusion in
  liquids is slower than diffusion in gases because
  the particles in a liquid move more slowly.
  Diffusion does not happen at all in solids
  because the particles in a solid can only vibrate
  on the spot, rather than being able to move from
  place to place.

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Colloids

• A colloid is a mixture where the particles are
  too large to dissolve but small enough to remain
  suspended in the liquid. A polymer is a long
  chain of molecules that look something like
  strands of cooked spaghetti. With a polymer
  colloid, the suspended particles are long polymer
  strands.
•  

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Colloids

• If the polymer chains slide past each other
  easily, then the substance acts like a liquid,
  because the molecules flow. If the molecules hook
  together at a few places along the strand, then
  the substance behaves like a rubbery solid. Borax
  is responsible for hooking the glue's polymer
  molecules together to form the putty-like
  material (picture 2 shows the borax linking the
  long polymer glue chains).

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Colloids

• When you stretch the putty, it stretches without
  breaking, but can be "snapped off" cleanly. It
  bounces higher than a rubber ball, with a rebound
  of 80. If you hit it with a hammer, it keeps its
  shape, but pushing it with light pressure
  flattens it easily.

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Colloids

• If you just let the putty sit or squish it with
  your fingers, the molecules slide over each other
  and the material flows. When you drop it like a
  rubber ball, the impact tries to make the
  molecules move past each other very fast. It
  doesnt work. They're too tangled.

Word Definitions Colloid - solid particles which
will not settle out of a mixture. Polymer - a
long chain of molecules that look something like
strands of cooked spaghetti. Mixture - two
different types of molecules that are currently
blended, but could be separated.
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The History of Silly Putty

• Silly Putty

Interactive Site/Web Quest
Kids Macrogalleria
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REVIEW

• TEST your KNOWLEDGE

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Chemical Physical Changes
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YOUR TOPIC GOES HERE

• What is a chemical reaction?
• A chemical reaction is a change that produces one
  or more new substances from some starting
  materials. Usually the starting materials are two
  different substances but not always. These are
  some examples of chemical reactions
• a candle burning
• iron rusting
• fireworks and explosions
• frying an egg
• respiration in living cells
• photosynthesis in green plants

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• Rusting is a slow chemical reaction In each
  example, we have starting substances that react
  together to make new substances. The starting
  substances are called reactants and the new
  substances made are called products.

Rusting is a slow chemical reaction
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• Let's look at the example of the candle
  burning. When substances burn, they react with
  oxygen in the air. So, the reactants in this
  example are the candle wax and the oxygen. When
  the candle wax and oxygen react together, they
  make two products. These are carbon dioxide and
  water vapor.
• Candle wax and oxygen react together quickly
  to make carbon dioxide and water vapor.

Candle wax and oxygen react together quickly to
make carbon dioxide and water vapor
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• Chemical reactions v physical changes
• Physical changes include changes such as melting,
  boiling and freezing.Chemical reactions and
  physical changes are quite different from each
  other. It is important that you can tell them
  apart.
• The table summarizes some of the differences
  between them

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• Chemical reactions make new substances but
  physical changes do not. For example, when
  magnesium reacts with oxygen, magnesium oxide is
  formed. This is a chemical reaction. When ice
  melts, we get water. But ice is just frozen
  water, so melting is a physical change.
• Chemical reactions are usually irreversible.
  Once magnesium oxide has been formed in the
  reaction between magnesium and oxygen, it is very
  difficult to split it back into magnesium and
  oxygen again. However, if water is chilled
  enough, it will easily freeze to form ice again,
  so melting and freezing are physical changes.

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• There are some common observations that help
  you know if a change is a chemical reaction. Here
  are some of them
• a change in color
• a gas coming off (you may see fizzing or
  bubbling)
• a change in temperature (the reaction mixture may
  get hotter)
• a solid may be formed when two solutions are
  mixed together

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• Some chemical reactions make a noise (think of
  explosions and fireworks). Some chemical
  reactions produce electricity (think of
  batteries).

A chemical reaction - bubbles of carbon dioxide
gas (a new substance) are formed when marble
chips react with hydrochloric acid
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TRANSITIONAL
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YOUR TOPIC GOES HERE

• YOUR SUBTOPIC GOES HERE

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