Community Development

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Community Development Natural Resource
Management Managing Limited Water Resources
Katharina Ganz, Geography (M.Sc.) Phone
41-41-367 49 14 Email Katharina.Ganz_at_hslu.ch

• Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
  Panchayat Kerala, India

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Managing Limited Water ResourcesDrinking Water
Management in Amaravathy, Kumily Panchayat

• Contents
• Kerala An Introduction
• Geography, Socio-Cultural Aspects, Water
  Management Regulations
• Amaravathy An Introduction
• Locality, Water Scarcity, Water Supply
• 3. PDS Rainwater Harvesting Programme
• Planning Development - Implementation
• 4. Lessons Learned

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Kerala, South IndiaAn Introduction

• Geography
• Area 38,863 km2
• North-South 580 km
• East-West 35 120 km
• Latitude North 818 - 1248
• Longitude East 7452 7222
• Climate Humid Equatorial Tropics
• Temperature 25C (Winter),
• 33C (Summer)
• Two Monsoon Seasons
• S-W June Aug., N-E Sept. - Nov.
• Annual Rainfall 1250 5000 mm/Year

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Kerala, South IndiaAn Introduction
Demography Human Development Index
(HDI) Population 31,838,619 Citizens
(2001) Density 819 Persons/km2 (2001) High
HDI Literacy Rate 90.9 Life Expectancy 73
years Infant Mortality Rate 11/1000 Birth,
Hospital-Delivered 95 Rural Poverty
Rate 12.7 Religion Hinduism, Christianity,
Islam
Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Kerala, South IndiaAn Introduction

• Economy
• Per Capita Income Rs. 19,461 (2001)
• 1. Agriculture
• 50 of the States Population depends upon
  Agriculture.
• 2. Industry
• Kerala remains an Industrially Backward State.
  Emphasis on Traditional and Small-Scale
  Industries.
• 3. Service Sector
• Source of Economic Growth particularly
  Transport, Trade, Tourism, Telecommunication

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Kerala, South IndiaAn Introduction

• Decentralisation -
• In the water sector
• 9th Five Year Plan (1997 2002)
• 1. Decentralisation of Planning
• ? Empowerment of the Local Bodies
• 2. Decentralisation of Responsibility
• ? Management of the Resources
• ? Maintenance of the Schemes
• 3. Decentralisation of Funds
• ? Devolvement of 35-40 of the States
• Plan Fund to the Local Units
• ? Conflicts

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatAn Introduction

• Socio-Cultural Situation
• Heterogeneity
• 1. Religious Heterogeneity
• 2. Different Migrant Groups
• Generations
• Socio-Cultural Hierarchies
• Strong (Informal) Social Hierarchies
• ? Informal vs. Political Structures
• Poverty
• Majority of People below Poverty Line
• Alcoholism Violence
• 1. Average Age of being introduced to
• Alcohol (boys) 11 Years
• 2. Domestic Violence very Prevalent
• 3. High Suicide Rate among Women

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatWater Scarcity

• Some Reasons for Water Scarcity
• 1. Climate Change
• ? Change in Water Cycles
• 2. Deforestation Unsustainable Land Use
• Practices
• ? Change in Soil Quality Capacity
• ? High Run Off
• 3. Lack of Storage Capacity
• 4. Increased Water Use Demand
• 5. Ill-Management Lack of Maintenance of
• the Existing (Public) Water Supply Systems
• 6. Quality Lack of Treatment Plants

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatWater Supply

• Water Supply
• Strength Weaknesses
• a) Public Water Supply
• - Responsibility
• - Reliability
• b) Private Water Supply Systems
• - Responsibility
• - Reliability
• c) Individual Water Supply
• - Responsibility
• - Reliability

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatPeermade
Development Society - Rainwater Harvesting
Programme

• Rainwater Harvesting Programme
• 1.
• 1997/98 Watershed Project
• (Central Government / CIDA)
• Safe a Family Plan Project
• Poverty Alleviation Programme
• 2.
• 1999 Extended Watershed Programme,
• Including Soil Conservation Programme
• Water Management Measures
• 3.
• 1999-2001
• Rainwater Harvesting Programme
• Community Development Programme

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatPh.D. Katharina
Ganz Rainwater Harvesting Programme (RWHP)

• Analysis of the socio-cultural structures
• 1. 2nd / 3rd Generation Migrants
• ? Good Access to Water Sources
• Land
• ? Politically Well Represented
• ? Christian Hindus
• 2. 1st Generation Migrants, Keralites
• ? Access to Water Sources Land
• ? Interdependencies
• ? Christians Hindus, few Muslims
• Tamils, Seasonal Migrants
• ? Labourers
• ? Hindus, Low Cast
• Strong Social Structures Hierarchies
• Leaders, Decision-Makers, Key-Persons

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatOrganisation of the
Rainwater Harvesting Programme (RWHP)

• Organisation
• 1.
• The Beneficiaries are organised in a Watershed
  Association.
• 2.
• A Watershed Committee of 25 Members monitors the
  Programme decides about the Continuation of the
  Agenda.
• (Womens Reservation of 33)
• 3.
• The Committee is headed by an Executive
  Committee, a Group of 7 members.

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatOrganisation of
Participation in the Community in the RWHP

• Type of Participation
• 1. Executive Committee Meetings
• 2. Watershed Committee Meetings
• 3. Association Meetings (Plenary Session, once a
  year)
• 4. Meetings with each Group and its Leaders /
  Key-Persons (Bilateral)
• 5. Meetings with the Representatives of all
  Groups
• 6. Meetings with Groups in Conflict (Mediation,
  Solution Finding Processes)

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatRainwater
Harvesting Structures, as Part of the RWHP

• Rainwater Harvesting Scheme(s)
• 1. Groundwater Recharge
• ( Soil Conservation)
• - Stonewalls
• - Mud-Walls
• - Water Pit Constructions
• 2. Groundwater Recharge
• ( Improved Soil Structure)
• - Afforestation
• 3. Water Harvesting Structures
• - Individual Storage Tanks
• - Overhead Tanks
• ? Low-Cost Technologies
• ? Local Material
• ? Local / Traditional Knowledge

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatCommunity
Development Programme RWHP

• Accompanying Measures
• a) Agriculture
• Poultry Goat Breeding
• 2. Innovative Farming
• Organic Farming, Composting
• Seedling Orchards
• (Cardamom, Vanilla)
• b) Economic Development
• 5. Microfinance Measures
• 6. Micro Small Enterprises
• c) Empowerment Programmes
• 7. Womens Empowerment Programme
• 8. Empowerment Programme for Minorities

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatIntegrated RWHP -
Lessons Learned

• Positive Aspects
• High Level of Participation
• Involvement of all Socio-Cultural Groups into the
  Planning Implementation Process
• ? High Level of Continuity
• Acceptance
• Cooperation with the Local Bodies
• ? Political Acceptance
• - High Level of Maintenance as a result of
  Co-Finance
• High Level of Innovation
• Self-Dynamics
• Improved Water Situation, especially during the
  Dry Months (Summer)

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatIntegrated RWHP -
Lessons Learned

• Negative Aspects
• Lack of Women in the Executive Committee and the
  Watershed Committee
• ? Restrictive Organisational
• Structures
• ? Restrictive Social Structures
• Selection of Beneficiaries
• ? Preference of Friends and Family
• Members, Influential Members of the
• Community
• ? External Controlling needed
• Enormous Complexity Heterogeneity
• Time Intensive
  
• Critical Aspects
• Strong Influence of Local Key-Persons
• ? In Return High Level of Acceptance
• Cooperation

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Amaravathy, Kumily PanchayatSummary

• We have achieved
• Raised Awareness
• 2. Motivation
• 3. Innovation
• 4. Initiative
• BUT, it went in Association with
• 1. An enormous Intensity of Work
• 2. An enormous Work Load
• 3. We required more Time for Planning
• Implementation than in other Projects

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India
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Managing Limited Water ResourcesDrinking Water
Management in Amaravathy, Kumily Panchayat

• The End
• Thank You very much
• for Your Attention

Drinking Water Management in Amaravathy, Kumily
Panchayat Kerala, India