Test 3 Review

1
Test 3 Review

• Chapters
• 10, 11, 12

2
Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Undertaken by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark,
  both captains in U. S. Army
• Commissioned by Jefferson even before the
  purchase of the Louisiana Territory
• Both explorers also naturalists and wrote
  journals and sent back samples of animal and
  plant life back to Washington D. C., during their
  expedition
• Expedition left St. Louis in May 1804 and reached
  the Pacific Ocean November 1805
• Trek to Pacific Coast took 28 months, covering
  8000 miles

3
Lewis and Clark Expedition

• First goal To find a northwestern waterway
  passage to the Pacific Coast
• Second goal Divert fur trade away from British
  Canada into American traders and U.S. markets,
  using the waterway
• Third goal To see what kind of flora and fauna
  existed in this region as well Indian tribes in
  the area
• Fourth goal Negotiate with Indians in the area
  to allow for Americans to move into area for
  mining and ranching purposes

4
The Louisiana Purchase and the Route of Lewis and
Clark
5
Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Lewis and Clarks party a diverse group of
  people (British, Irish, Black slaves etc.)
• Assisted by Sacajawea, Shoshone Indian woman,
  married to French fur trader
• Both joined Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Helped establish to Indians that the expedition
  was peaceful
• Sacajawea helped with finding food, and
  translation between Americans and Indian tribes
• Return journey began in March 1806
• Both men considered one of the most important
  explorers in American history

6
Trails of Tears (Indians)

• Many Indian tribes forced to migrate
• Jackson claimed their move would be beneficial
  for the Indians, but in reality, it only
  benefited the white population
• Many signed treaties, others threatened with
  violence to make the move westward
• 1832 Treaty of Paynes Landing Forced Seminoles
  out of Florida and to Indian Territory in present
  day Oklahoma
• 1835 Osceola fights the Second Seminole War,
  resulted in more Seminoles to move west and loss
  of life and large war expense

7
Trails of Tears (Indians)

• Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws also forced to
  move
• Cherokee Indians divided amongst themselves on
  this issue
• Some feel the move had to be embraced, while
  others felt it had to be fought
• Treaty Party leaders were Cherokee leaders who
  urged to Indians to peacefully move west and
  settle in Indian territory
• John Ross opposed the move westward, and urged
  the people to stay at all cost
• U.S. government imprisoned Ross to silence him

8
Trails of Tears (Indians)

• Signed treaty with Treaty Party where the
  Cherokee land would be sold to the U.S. for only
  5 Million
• Treaty Party members later assassinated by
  Cherokee assassins
• 1838 Trail of Tears
• U.S. troops rounded up Indians into concentration
  camps before marching them west
• Thousands died of starvation, cold, and disease
  during the forced march
• Many separated from family members
• Many Cherokee belongings stolen or broken by U.S.
  troops

9
Indian Removal
10
Panic of 1837

• Trade Unions became popular during this time
• Unions insisted on getting better benefits for
  journeymen (skilled workers) such as shorter work
  day, removal of debtors prisons, higher wages,
  hard money v. bank notes for workers etc.
• 1834 National Trades Union set up
• 1837 Economic Depression and Panic started by
  speculation, crop failures and recalled British
  loans
• Depression greatly hurt the National Trades Union
  and many people lost jobs and businesses
• Depression lasted until early 1840s

11
Nativists and their Influence

• Nativists were those that had been born in
  America and they opposed first generation
  immigrants and immigration into America
• Immigrants in 19th century were from different
  countries and had come for different reasons
• Some were farmers while others worked as factory
  workers
• Many also advocated temperance
• Against immigration for many reasons
• that immigrants would steal jobs, or work for
  lower wages
• Catholicism
• Drinking habits of immigrants (Irish)

12
Nativists and their Influence

• Nativists were those that had been born in
  America and they opposed first generation
  immigrants and immigration into America
• Immigrants in 19th century were from different
  countries and had come for different reasons
• Some were farmers while others worked as factory
  workers
• Many also advocated temperance
• Against immigration for many reasons
• that immigrants would steal jobs, or work for
  lower wages
• Catholicism
• Drinking habits of immigrants (Irish)

13
Public Education

• Growing nation with migrant population needed
  good public education system
• Schools had to teach children more than just
  basic literacy requirements
• Horace Mann important educational reformer of
  the time
• 1837 Mann became Secretary of 1st State Board of
  Education
• Stressed idea of common school system which
  made education available to boys and girls
  regardless of their ethnicity or social
  background
• Schooling was not just meeting basic literacy
  requirements, but also learning values such as
  punctuality, sobriety, and hard work
• By 1840, many public schools had opened and had
  many white children in attendance, with women
  taking on role of teachers

14
Public Education

• Women used as teachers because they were natural
  nurturers for young children, and more
  importantly, they were paid wages that were much
  lesser than what a white man would have been paid
  for the same job
• In spite of the wage discrepancy, many women
  became teachers willing to move away from their
  home towns, to work
• Many colleges and private academies opened to
  feed demand for education
• States passed new requirements to be licensed to
  become a doctor women were denied this and
  continued to be un-licensed, self-taught
  mid-wives
• Manns principle not wholly realized
• Slave children were forbidden by law to learn to
  read and write free black children were needed
  in white households as child labor, which
  resulted in lower school attendance
• Poor whites did not benefit as the wealthy did

15
Communitarians

• Different reformers suggested different ideas for
  social reform (ex Graham)
• Experimental communities in existence where the
  entire community was responsible for bringing up
  a child, not just his/her parents
• Communitarians aimed at advancing the whole
  community, not just individuals
• Set up as Utopian (ideal) communities, as
  examples to other communities
• 1825 Robert Owen set up New Harmony in Indiana
  (condemnation of private property, organized
  religion, and marriage)
• 1848 John Humphrey Noyes set up Oneida
  Community, which encouraged complex marriages

16
Women

• Womens rights advocates and temperance had
  direct correlation
• Dorothea Dix womens rights advocate, teacher
  and writer
• Dix fought for better treatment and facilities
  for mentally ill women
• Eventually became very popular for her work in
  many states
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton famous abolitionist who
  fought for freedom of slaves and abolition of
  slavery
• Stanton worked with other famous womens rights
  activists such as Lucretia Mott, and Susan B.
  Anthony, and they paved the way for a womens
  rights convention at Seneca Falls, New York

17
Women

• Some advances in condition of women and how they
  were treated
• 1839 Married Womens Property Law in
  Mississippi aimed mainly at rich daughters of
  planters, and their inheritance
• 1848 New York Pennsylvania passed legislation
  giving women control of property that women
  brought with through marriage
• Transcendentalism made famous by Margaret Fuller
  who was influenced in her thoughts and actions by
  Thoreau and Emerson
• Transcendentalism was a philosophy that
  encouraged people to celebrate nature, the
  spirit, and the arts

18
Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United
  States was destined to extend its boundaries from
  the Atlantic coast to the Pacific Coast
• Supporters of the idea of Manifest Destiny
  believed that it was not only great for the
  nation, but also obvious and certain that this
  would happen
• In the mid-1800s, efforts were made to expand
  the nations borders, especially in the southwest

19
Texas

• 1830s Mexico closed Texas border to U.S.
  immigration
• 1835 1 out of every 8 people in Texas was a
  Tejano the rest were U.S. born
• 1836 Texians armed (pre-Texas Rangers) and ready
  for independence from Mexico
• Texians wanted independence so they could have
  their own nation, to do as they pleased
• February 1836 The Alamo. Santa Anna and Mexican
  troops killed 187 Alamo defenders including
  Crockett
• April 1936 Santa Anna was defeated by Sam
  Houston at San Jacinto River
• A new nation, Republic of Texas (Lone Star
  Republic) was born Sam Houston became 1st
  president in 1837
• Texas constitution legalized slavery and
  prohibited free blacks from living in Texas, in
  contrast to Mexico, which had abolished slavery
  in 1829
• U.S. abolitionists very uncomfortable with this
  situation

20
Election of 1844

• Two main debates during election whether or not
  U.S. should annex Texas and Oregon
• Democrats nominated James Polk (pro-annexation)
  for presidential candidate
• Whigs nominated Henry Clay who was
  anti-annexation (but later changed his mind)
• Growing controversy over issue of slavery, but
  both parties ignored subject all together
• Liberty party consisted of abolitionists under
  James Birney, but got no electoral votes
• Polk won election
• 1846 Polk arrived at compromise with Britain
  over Oregon issue and 49th parallel became new
  U.S.-Canadian border

21
War with Mexico

• After compromise over Oregon was reached, U.S.
  attention was diverted to southern and western
  borders of the nation
• Texians wished to join the Union and President
  Tyler invited them to join as the 28th state
• Dec., 1845 Texas statehood confirmed by Congress
• Boundary dispute between Mexico and U.S.
• Polk sent John Slidell as an envoy to oversee
  purchase of California and disputed parts of
  Texas from Mexico, but deal fell through
• Polk was determined to obtain this territory for
  the U.S., either through negotiation or through
  force
• Jan., 1846 Conflict broke out when Gen. Zachary
  Taylor provoked Mexico, by crossing the disputed
  border between Mexico and Texas
• Taylor was forced to retreat after a few American
  soldiers lost their lives

22
U.S. Mexican War
23
War with Mexico

• Polk used this bloodshed on American soil as an
  excuse to declare war on Mexico
• Many nativists, abolitionists and
  transcendentalists opposed the war
• Polk was looked upon as an aggressor looking for
  an excuse to grab land for the U.S.
• Polks campaign was 3-pronged
• Gen. Zachary Taylor was sent to northern Mexico
• Gen. Stephen Kearny was sent to New Mexico and
  then to California
• Gen.-in-Chief Winfield Scott landed in Vera Cruz
  via water
• Scotts troops brought Mexicans to their knees by
  committing atrocities such as murder, robbery and
  rape
• Sept., 1847 War ended when Mexico City
  surrendered

24
War with Mexico

• Un-equal match between the 2 countries
• U.S. military strength far superior to that of
  Mexico
• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed between
  the 2 countries by which Mexico gave up all
  claims to Texas, and also gave to the U.S., all
  Mexican territory west of Texas border (New
  Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, and California)
• Residents of the area were given 1 year to decide
  whether to stay and become citizens or move to
  Mexico
• In exchange for the land, U.S. paid Mexico,
• 18, 250,000

25
Background Miss. Compromise

• James Monroe is President (1817-1825)
• Population explosion in Trans-Appalachian Region
• Settlers face same problems of life in the West
  (masters/slaves debtors/creditors)
• Transportation Revolution roadways, turnpike and
  canal construction underway
• Great debate in Congress whether Missouri should
  be admitted as a slave state or a free state
• Resulted in the Missouri Compromise

26
The Missouri Compromise

• 1819 The U.S. had 22 states in the Union
• Slavery was legal in 11 of these states and had
  been abolished in the 11 other states
• Created a balance of senators between free and
  slave states
• 1819 Missouri applied for statehood as the 23rd
  state
• Started fiery debate whether it would be accepted
  as free state or slave state, since it would tip
  the balance in Congress to one side
• Maine (until then, a part of Massachusetts) also
  applied for statehood in 1820
• Compromise arrived at after much debate and
  arguments
• Missouri would join Union as Slave state and
  Maine would join as Free state
• It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana
  Territory north of the parallel 3630' north
  except within the boundaries of the proposed
  state of Missouri

27
The Missouri Compromise
28
Ways West

• Land Act of 1820 enabled settlers in the area to
  buy a minimum of 80 acres at the cost of 1.25 an
  acre in cash
• This act along with transportation boom resulted
  in population increase in the area
• Many European-American immigrants moved west
• 1825 Eric Canal completed
• Great economic, political, and religious
  significance
• Engineering feat used canal locks system
• Raised the material standard of living of people
  outside of the cities
• New York City became important port and financial
  center in the U.S.
• Farm towns changed to robust trading centers

29
The Monroe Doctrine

• President Monroe issued an 1823 statement on
  Latin America, known today as the Monroe Doctrine
• The American colonies were closed to new
  exploration
• The political systems of the Americas were
  separate from those of Europe
• The United States would consider hostile any
  influence from European powers
• The United States would refrain from interference
  in established colonies in the New World
• No foreign nations would be allowed to intervene
  in the Western Hemisphere

30
The Monroe Doctrine

• Monroe Doctrine considered a self-defense measure
  aimed at Russia, Spain and Britain
• Document was more a statement of principle than
  action
• U.S. lacked naval power to back up Doctrine at
  this time
• Comes in handy in the future when U.S. defense is
  well established
• Results in Russo-American Treaty of 1824, by
  which Russia agreed to pull out of area north of
  Alaskan panhandle

31
Election of 1824

• Election of 1824 had many candidates for
  PresidentJackson, Adams, Clay, Crawford
• Jackson wins popular vote
• Representative Henry Clay withdrew from race,
  promising Jackson support, but endorsed Adams
  instead
• Adams wins in House of Representatives with Henry
  Clays support
• Adams becomes President and named Clay, Secretary
  of State
• Clays appointment as Secretary of State leads to
  charges Adams "bought" the presidency

32
Election of 1824

• Adams is President for only one term

33
Andrew Jackson

• Jackson wins overwhelming victory in Election of
  1828
• Known as the President of the Common (white) Man
• Jackson becomes a symbol of democracys triumph
• Against Bank of U.S.
• Actions of Jackson and his party re-fashion
  national politics in a democratic mold
• Fires at will officeholders he does not like
• Defends his actions by asserting the right of all
  men to a government post

34
Federal Authority its Opponents

• After War of 1812, questions arise, about role of
  federal authority in states politics
• All 3 branches played each other to get more
  influence over each other as well as the states
• Jackson claimed that the people wanted an
  increase in presidential power
• Ended charter to Second Bank of the U.S.
• This increase in presidential power and the
  closure of bank gave rise to alarm in the south
• Southern slave owners felt their slave-owning
  status may be threatened by the increase in
  presidential power

35
Judicial Federalism Limits of Law

• Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall went
  about limiting power of states
• Notable Case 1 McCulloch v. Maryland
• Second Bank of the U.S. authorized by Congress to
  help control the unregulated issuance of currency
  by state banks
• Many continued to oppose the bank's
  constitutionality, and Maryland set an example by
  imposing a tax on all banks not chartered by the
  state
• Marshall ruled that only Congress had the power
  to create as well as preserve such an
  institution, not individual states

36
Judicial Federalism Limits of Law

• Notable Case 2 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and
  Worcester v. Georgia
• Increased resentment between white population of
  Georgia and Cherokee Nation (Cherokee, Creek,
  Chickasaw, Seminole Choctaw)
• Increased need for land to cultivate cotton by
  white farmers
• 1827 Cherokee leaders proclaim that they were a
  sovereign nation, independent of any interference
  from individual states
• White settlers wanted them removed from this area

37
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

• Problem compounded by discovery of gold in
  Cherokee territory and an influx of white miners
  into the area
• Cherokees called this the Great Intrusion
• Pres. Jackson saw Cherokee nation as a speed bump
  in the way of Georgias economic prosperity
• He wanted the Indians (savages) removed
  completely from the Southwest to give way to
  establishment of towns and prosperous farms

38
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

• Under Presidential pressure, Congress passed
  Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Under these treaties, the Indians were to give up
  their lands east of the Mississippi in exchange
  for lands to the west
• Those wishing to remain in the east would become
  citizens of their home state
• This act affected not only the southeastern
  nations, but many others further north
• The removal was supposed to be voluntary and
  peaceful, and it was that way for the tribes that
  agreed to the conditions
• But the southeastern nations resisted, and
  Jackson forced them to leave

39
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

• Cherokee leaders petitioned their case to the
  Georgia legislature with no success
• Next they appealed to the Supreme Court hoping to
  be recognized as an independent nation and to
  nullify the Indian Removal Act
• 2 Cases Cherokee Nation V. Georgia and Worcester
  V. Georgia
• Court agreed that the Cherokees were not bound by
  Georgia law, but they were a dependent nation
  under authority of the U.S. government
• Court also ruled that the state did not have
  authority to remove Indians from this
  region.states had to allow the federal
  government to make decisions regarding Indians

40
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

• Both the Governor of Georgia, as well as Pres.
  Jackson rejected Supreme Court rulings
• 1832 President sent troops to Georgia to enforce
  Indian removal from the area
• By 1837, the Jackson administration had removed
  46,000 Native American people from their land
  east of the Mississippi, and had secured treaties
  which led to the removal of a slightly larger
  number
• Most members of the five southeastern nations had
  been relocated west, opening 25 million acres of
  land to white settlement and to slavery
• Cherokee migration west was also called The
  Trail of Tears because many died from cold,
  hunger, and disease

41
The Tariff of Abominations

• 1828 Congress passed legislation that raised
  fees on imported finished goods as well as raw
  materials
• Tariff affected Southern cotton planters who
  named the new tariff an Abomination
• Tariff renewed after 4 years
• South Carolina evoked state sovereignty and nulls
  and voids the tariff
• Jackson issued Nullification Proclamation in
  1832 in retaliation, by which states could not
  nullify federal laws or secede from the Union
• Compromise arrived at between federal govt. and
  South Carolina with a 10 reduction in tariff
  over an 8-year period

42
Religion

• 1830 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
  (Mormons) established by Joseph Smith
• Mormons followed a faith that was derived from
  the Old and New Testaments as well as The Book
  of Mormons
• Mormon Church became very popular and also
  festered hostility among traditional Protestants

43
Literacy in America

• Publishing of books, magazines and periodicals
  became popular in the early part of 19th century
• 1821 Sarah Hale (Mary had a Little Lamb) became
  first woman editor of a periodical
• Hale was poet and novelist who portrayed women in
  a subtly powerful light, saying the reason for a
  mans success was the womans influence on him
  and his actions
• Washington Irving Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip
  Van Winkle
• James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans,
  The Spy

44
The European Menace

• Jefferson becomes President for the second time
  in 1804
• Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) killed in duel
  with Aaron Burr
• He had to deal with issues with European
  powerhouses, Britain and France
• Britain involved in a war with France
• Also issues Orders in Council in 1806, whereby
  any country that wanted to ship goods to France
  had to first stop at a British port to pay taxes
• This aggravates the Americans
• Britain and France also continue their annoying
  policy of impressment of American seamen
• Jefferson does not want war and resorts to
  economic warfare

45
The Embargo Act

• Passage of Act triggered by British attack on
  U.S. ship, and the killing of a few Americans
• 1807 Jefferson decided to fight back with the
  Embargo Act
• By this Act, all American exports to France and
  Britain were to be stopped in order for these
  powers to gain respect for the U.S. as an
  independent nation
• New Englands foreign trade economy suffered as a
  result of the Act
• Affected farmers as well as shipbuilders in New
  England as well as cotton and tobacco farmers of
  the South
• Many found other ways to avoid Act by shipping
  goods from Canada
• Passage of Act boosted domestic industrialization
  and intensified tension between Britain and
  America

46
On the Brink of War

• Jefferson refuses a 3rd term as President
• New President in 1808 election is James Madison
  (Federalist turned Dem-Rep.)
• 1808 Shawnee Indian resistance led by Tecumseh
  and his brother
• Founded Prophets Town in Indiana as a sovereign
  Indian state for the preservation on the Native
  American culture
• 1809 Indians sell 3million acres of land to
  Americans for a very low price, cheated while
  being under the influence of liquor. Indian
  leaders very upset by this deal
• 1809 Embargo repealed in favor of
  Non-Intercourse Act
• U.S. will resume trade with England and France
  based on promise to cease seizure of U.S. vessels

47
On the Brink of War

• Madison reopens English trade on unconfirmed
  promise of British minister
• English reject agreement, seize U.S. ships that
  opened trade with England
• 1810 Macons Bill, 2 replaces the
  Non-Intercourse Act
• Trade with both England and France reestablished
• First nation to respect American rights wins halt
  of U.S. trade with the other
• Napoleon promises to observe U.S. rights but
  reneges when trade reopened
• 1811 American troops under William Henry
  Harrison, defeated Shawnee Indians under Tecumseh
  at Tippecanoe
• Prophets Town burned to the ground
• Indian defeat attributed to superior weapons of
  Americans

48
The War of 1812 Background

• James Madison becomes President in 1812 for
  second term
• Congressional War Hawks demand war on England to
  preserve American honor
• War Hawks young Democratic-Republicans from the
  western states who wanted to establish America as
  an honorable nation
• They believed that the Indians were being
  supported by the British, and in order to
  suppress future Indian resistances, they had to
  stop British arms supply to Indians from Canada

49
The War of 1812

• June 1, 1812 President Madison sent England
  American grievances
• British Navys seizure of Americans
• Blockade of American goods
• Indian conflicts supported by British
• June 18, 1812 Congress voted to declare war on
  England
• War fought between 1812 and 1815 between U.S. and
  Britain
• Americans not at all prepared for war with
  superior British military and navy
• Congress refuses to raise wartime taxes
• New England refuses to support war effort
• United States Army small and state militias
  inadequate

50
The War of 1812

• Americans follow a 3-pronged attack on Canada by
  striking from Niagara, Detroit, Lake Champlain
• All 3 attempts failed
• Tecumseh fighting for the British captured
  Detroit in 1812
• Sept. 1813 U.S. troops under Perry, gain control
  of Great Lakes in Battle of Put-In Bay (Lake
  Erie)
• Oct. 1813 U.S. troops under Henry Harrison
  defeated Tecumsehs Indian warriors, in Battle of
  the Thames. Tecumseh killed in battle
• 1814 English defeated Napoleon, freeing up
  troops for war in U.S

51
The War of 1812
52
Fighting on Many Fronts

• March, 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend, defeat of
  Red Sticks by Andrew Jackson, and the resulting
  Treaty gave U.S. 23 million acres of Creek land
• August 24, 1814 Battle of Bladensburg, Maryland,
  and the burning of the Capitol and White House by
  the British
• Americans fight back and win the Battle of
  Baltimore
• Victory at Baltimore inspired Francis Scott Key
  to write the Star Spangled Banner
• January, 1815 The Battle of New Orleans, an
  overwhelming victory for Jackson, against
  superior British forces

53
War Ends Treaty of Ghent, 1815

• Fall of 1814 Madison decides to end the war
• John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, sent to Ghent,
  Belgium, to start peace talks
• British make demands on America, but after their
  losses in the battles, withdrew the demands
• War ended in a draw with no one victor
• No new territory for either side, no concessions
  from Britain
• Still, the War of 1812 considered by many
  Americans as a victory for the nation
• America and Britain never again fought against
  each other, as enemies
• Congress ratified the Treaty of Ghent in Feb.
  1815

54
Hartford Convention 1814

• Dec. 1814, Federalists from Massachusetts,
  Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and
  Vermont sent delegates to Hartford, Connecticut
• Impatient with war and its effect on economy
• Demanded federal aid to states to compensate for
  loss of revenue from disrupted trade
• Some state delegates threatened to secede from
  the Union
• Proposed Constitutional changes to lessen power
  of South and West
• Treaty of Ghent, victory at New Orleans makes
  Convention and its members appear disloyal
• Federalist party never recovers

55
Praise Respect for Veterans after the War

• American Veterans of the War of 1812 were treated
  with respect by all
• Congress awarded Veterans a grant of 160-acre
  plots of land between Illinois and Mississippi
  rivers to reward them for their services
• Grant encouraged many to move west and settle in
  homesteads
• Many veterans became politicians (Andrew Jackson,
  William Henry Harrison)
• Indian veterans such as Major Ridge (Cherokee
  leader) accorded American respect
• Ridge advocated for Native Americans to retain
  Native American lands, in spite of absorbing
  Western culture into his own life

56
A Thriving Economy

• Internal migration Many choose to move to the
  west to look for better economic opportunities
• Embargo Act and War of 1812 help boost national
  manufacturing and economy
• Philadelphia became nations top industrial city
  of the time
• New means of transportation also boosts economy
• Stagecoaches, wagons, boats, horseback
• 1807 Robert Fulton introduces the steamboat
• 1810 Building of turnpikes Cumberland Road

57
Changes in the Workplace

• Industrial Revolution changed the way people had
  been living until then
• Changed from small shops with skilled workers, to
  larger establishments using unskilled workers
• Performed repetitive tasks under supervision of
  boss
• New England mechanized textile production
• Rhode Island followed Lowell model of
  manufacturing
• Role of young women changed forever

58
The Market Revolution

• Powerful economic changes fueled by improvements
  in transportation, increasing commercialization,
  rise of factories, and changes to average
  Americans life
• Mid-nineteenth century, U.S. dramatically
  different than U.S. of 1776.
• Transportation barriers between country and city
  fall
• Entrepreneurs start putting out system
  merchant-capitalists
• Restless Americans with great acquisitiveness
• Western Indians suffer, children and women work
  in factories, slaves are pushed harder

59
Rise of Cotton Plantation Economy

• Cotton production increased due to invention of
  cotton gin, Louisiana Purchase
• Resulted in boom in slavery
• 1808 U.S. bans importation of slaves
• Need for labor results in slave trade between
  states (domestic)
• African Americans reinforce African culture,
  tradition and family bonds, in everyday life,
  resulting in harsher laws from Whites

60
Regional Economies of the South

• Shifts in production methods and the depleted
  tobacco-growing soil led to more crafts
  production, cultivation of wheat and corn.
• South Carolina and Georgia Technical advances in
  rice production and cotton cultivation
• Louisiana Territory Cotton and New Orleans sugar

61
Black Family Life and Labor

• Increasing birth rate and strong family ties
  among the slaves
• Newcomers adopted as relations
• Large plantations had more 2-parent families than
  the smaller farms
• The task system (rice plantations) and the gang
  system (cotton plantations)
• Forms of labor
• Work under white supervision
• Private work including tending gardens, working
  on living quarters
• Sale or clandestine exchanges of goods

62
European Immigrants Irish

• Life in Ireland was miserable
• Reason for immigration Growing population,
  smaller plots of land for cultivation, cruel
  English laws which hurt Irelands economy, potato
  famine, death due to starvation
• 1820s 50,000 Irish immigrants
• 1830s 200,000 Irish immigrants
• 1850s More than a million

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Irish Immigrants

• Irish immigrants lived in big cities like New
  York, Philadelphia or Boston
• Received assistance from previous immigrants in
  settling down into new life
• Most had no money to move westward
• Life not much different in the U.S.
• Most were Roman Catholic, and were resented by
  U.S. born Protestants, who feared competition for
  jobs due to their large numbers
• Many got menial jobs since Protestant employers
  were discriminatory

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Germans

• 1831-1850 Over 1/2 a million Germans arrived in
  America
• Rebellion in Prussia in 1848 fueled German
  immigration
• Revolutions against the Austrian Empire sent
  Italians, Czechs, and Hungarians to the U.S.
• Germans settled mainly in the Midwest
• Many came to U.S. with some money to be able to
  buy land for farming, or to set up a business
• Farmers, merchants

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The Slave Trade

• Boom in slave trade during 19th century
• Slaves were bought and sold between the upper and
  lower South
• Prices of slaves went up
• Sale of slave children rose, and broke up many
  slave families, who never saw their family
  members again
• Free blacks migrated out of slave states to the
  north
• Enslaved blacks ran away to the north as well
• Many found supportive black communities, but also
  found competition with white menial workers
  (Irish)

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Life of Migrants in the West

• Life not easy for people who moved west
• Mormons looked down upon by Protestants and not
  accepted into society due to belief in polygamy
• Many Mormons living in Illinois decide to migrate
  West to escape religious persecution
• Settled in present-day Utah (Salt Lake City)
• Community prospered and became an agricultural
  community, due to disciplined church life and
  successful irrigation system
• 1834 Protestant missionaries settle near modern
  day Walla-Walla, Washington, but meet hostile
  resistance from Indians

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Life of Migrants in the West

• The Great Migration of 1843
• U.S. Government commissioned survey of the Oregon
  Trail to help settlers
• Expedition led by John Fremont gave migrants
  valuable information on climate, availability of
  pasture land and water, as well as length of
  journey and environment
• Oregon settlement not very strong
• Indians resentful of white presence
• Measles epidemic brought in by new settlers
  killed many Indians

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Political Scene

• Diverse population as well as diverse regional
  economies in U.S.
• Differences in basic beliefs and principles
• Increased tensions between different regions due
  to this diversity
• Politically, Second Party System in place
• First Party System Federalists v.
  Anti-Federalists
• Federalists slowly faded away, Anti-Federalists
  evolved in Democratic Republicans
• Second Party System Dem. Republicans v. Whigs
• 2 groups existed Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs
• Democrats were pro-Jackson while Whigs were
  anti-Jackson
• Issue of slavery was one very important bone of
  contention between the 2 groups

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Slavery Issue

• 1830-1840s A rise in abolitionist feelings
• 1831 Garrison launched The Liberator
• 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society formed by a
  group of whites and blacks
• 1833 Slavery abolished in British West Indies
  and this encouraged anti-slavery sentiment in
  America
• Abolitionists believed slavery was immoral and
  dehumanizing, and the government had to take
  immediate action to remove slavery from American
  society

70
Slavery Issue

• Abolitionists supported by a small group of
  whites as well as free blacks, from the North
• White women also empathized with the black
  struggle, and many were out-spoken about their
  feelings
• White men were resentful to both free people of
  color as well as women for their pro-abolitionist
  actions
• They looked upon both groups as inferior to them,
  unintelligent and hence fit only for domestic
  work

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Slavery Issue

• Abolitionist activity opposed by southern slave
  owners, as well as northern white
  anti-abolitionists
• Whites feared that freed blacks would take their
  jobs
• 1834 New Haven, CT school for young women of
  color attacked
• 1835 William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) was
  attacked by another white mob
• 1837 Elijah Lovejoy (abolitionist), publisher of
  Alton Observer murdered by whites in Alton,
  Illinois
• 1841 La Amistad case fought and won, by John
  Quincy Adams in the Supreme Court for the
  Africans and abolitionists
• 35 out of 53 African captives aboard the
  Amistad were returned to Africa