The Church and the World United

1
Chapter 5

• The Church and the World United
• Toward the High Middle Ages
• 800 1300 A.D.

2
Middle Ages

• The term Middle Ages has been defined in a
  variety of ways
  
• Some define period as lasting from 476 to 1600
• Our focus
• 800 A.D. Coronation of Charlemagne to
• 1300 A.D. Dawn of the Avignon Papacy
• Middle Ages often portrayed as the Dark Ages,
  but during this time significant advances were
  made to the quality of life
  
• Christianity seen as providing guiding principles
  for life
  

3
Christianity and the Middle Ages

• Rise of Christendom
• The Christian world as dominated by Christianity
  Western Europe during the Middle Ages
  
• Christianity involved in every aspect of life
• Christian rulers governed society based on how
  they believed God intended
  

4
CharlemagneHoly Roman Empire

• Christmas Day, 800 A.D., Pope Leo III crowned
  Charlemagne
  
• Title Emperor of the Western Empire
• Attempt to bring back the peace and stability of
  the glory days of the Roman Empire
  
• Popes action as making the empire holy
• Attempt to assert influence on government

5
Charlemagne

• Charlemagne French for Charles the Great
• In 771 A.D. as King of the Franks, he attempted
  to enlarge his kingdom by unifying Christian
  tribes
  
• By 800 A.D. he basically was in control of
  Western Europe except Spain (Muslim)
  
• Thus, his coronation really didnt give him any
  power
  
• Emperor in Constantinople was furious about the
  coronation but was not powerful enough to do
  anything
  
• Another reason why the East and West would soon
  split

6
Maps of Charlemagnes Rule
7
Chaos Overtakes the Empire

• 814 A.D. Death of Charlemagne
• Dark Ages
• Period lasting from the death of Charlemagne to
  the beginning of Otto I in 962 A.D.
  
• Chaotic period in Western Europe
• Disintegration of the empire into tribes
• Outside tribes attacked and reeked havoc
• Saracens nomadic Muslims
• Magyars nomads from the Eastern frontier
• Vikings seafaring people from Denmark

8
Troubles and Triumph

• Power struggle after Charlemagnes death between
  popes and emperors for control
  
• Problems in the Medieval Church
• Lay investiture
• The practice of lay persons appointing bishops,
  priests, abbots, and abbesses
  
• Simony
• The payment of money to be appointed to a Church
  office
  
• Lack of celibate commitment
• Unofficial family ties caused problems for sons
  of priests and landownership

9
Reform of Papal Elections

• After the death of Pope Nicholas II, local
  cardinals held a secret meeting to select a
  successor
  
• Ended the unofficial practice of the emperor or
  wealthy Roman families from selecting
  
• Meeting called a conclave
• con with clave key ? only those with a key
  could vote
  
• Meeting of cardinals to elect a pope
• Practice continues today
• 1073 A.D. Election of Hildebrand as Gregory VII

10
Gregory VII

• Continued the reforms of Nicholas II
• 1077 Excommunication of Henry IV
• Issue about who had the power
• Seen of the emperor performing penance at the
  popes request for forgiveness
  
• Initiated measures to eliminate corruption that
  came to be known as the Gregorian Reforms
  addressing major problems
  

11
Gregorian Reforms

• Attempt to bring the papacy back in line with its
  purpose
  
• Led to the height of papal influence and power
• Election of the pope by a conclave of cardinals
• Celibacy for priests
• Papal power to choose bishops and abbots

12
Otto(s) and Power

• Otto king of Franks
• Dream of a reunited Holy Roman Empire
• Supposedly with lance with a nail of the True
  Cross
  
• Crushed the Magyar cavalry
• Rides triumphantly into Rome and is crowned
  emperor Otto the Great
  

13
Otto(s) and Power (cont)

• Otto II 974 inherits empire from his father also
  involved in affairs
  
• Helps restores Church discovers monk Gerbert
  Becomes tutor to Otto III
  
• Otto III turns to Gerbert in 999 A.D. becomes
  Pope Sylvester II
  
• Sylvester I important pope during Constantines
  reign
  
• Otto III and Sylvester II seek to restore the
  Church
  
• Important and powerful pope and emperor

14
Beginning of the 2nd Millenium

• Christianity spreading more through Europe, but
  
  
• Major problem
• Growing tension Eastern vs. Western
  Christianity
  
• Result in the Great Schism of 1054
• The official separation of the Eastern (Orthodox)
  Church from the Western (Roman Catholic) Church
  
• Mutual excommunication of East and West
• A severe ecclesiastical penalty which excludes
  the offender from taking part in the Eucharist or
  other sacraments
  

15
Causes of Schism

• The seeds of schism were sown long before 1054
  A.D.
  
• Major Causes
• 326 A.D. Constantine moves capital to East
• 451 A.D. Council of Chalcedon patriarchates
• 589 A.D. Council of Toledo adds filioque to
  creed
  
• 630s A.D. fall of Jerusalem, Antioch, and
  Alexandria to Muslims
  
• 700s A.D. Iconoclast controversy
• East (pro icons) West (anti icons)
• 751 A.D. creation of the Papal States
• 800 A.D. Coronation of Charlemagne by Leo III
• 1054 A.D. mutual excommunication

16
Filioque

• At the Council of Toledo (589 A.D.), Western
  bishops decided to add the word filioque (and
  the Son) to the Nicene Creed
  
• Change that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the
  Father and the Son
  
• Rejected by Eastern bishops
• Caerularius (Patriarch of Constantinople / Pope
  Leo IX (Patriarch of Rome)
  
• Mutual excommunication

17
Two Easts

• As a result of the Great Schism, there existed
  two forms of Eastern Christianity
  
• Eastern Orthodoxy
• Christian communities with origins in the Eastern
  Roman Empire that are not union with the bishop
  of Rome
  
• Eastern Rite Catholicism
• Christian communities with origins in the Eastern
  Roman Empire that are in union with the bishop of
  Rome
  
• Many various rites of Catholicism

18
The Mendicants

• During the early 13th century two religious
  groups were formed which would greatly impact the
  Church
  
• Dominicans (Order of Preachers)
• Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor)
• Both groups are known as mendicant orders
• Religious communities whose members live among
  people and rely on the charity of others
  
• Those who basically survive on the generosity of
  others
  

19
Dominicans

• Founder St. Dominic (Domingo de Guzman) a
  Spaniard born in 1170 A.D.
  
• As a young priest sent to preach against
  Albigensianism, a belief in the evilness of
  matter
  
• Organized a community of priests to be dedicated
  to preaching against heresy and to spread the
  faith
  
• Order of Preachers established by Pope Honorius
  III in 1217 A.D. would become known as the
  Dominicans after Dominics death in 1221 A.D.
  
• Today one of the largest Catholic orders in the
  world
  
• Important Dominicans
• Dominic, Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great,
  Catherine of Sienna, John Gambro, Joseph Hren,
  Kurt Pritzl, and Brian Shanley

20
St. Thomas Aquinas

• 13th century Dominican priest and professor
• Most influential theologian after Augustine
• Wrote Summa Theologica
• Comprehensive systematic examination of Christian
  theology
  
• Responsible for identifying five main arguments
  for the existence of God
  
• Page 115

21
Franciscans

• Founder St. Francis of Assisi, an Italian born
  in 1182 A.D.
  
• Came from a wealthy family embraced poverty and
  service to the poor
  
• Organized a group of followers to live simply
  according to the Gospel and devotion to the poor
  
• Order of Friars Minor established by Pope
  Innocent III in 1210 A.D.
  
• Today, one of the largest Catholic order in the
  world
  
• Important Franciscans
• Francis of Assisi, Clare of Assisi, Bob Schlageter

22
St. Francis of Assisi

• In addition to serving the poor, Francis showed
  great concern for the earth
  
• Referred to Brother Sun and Sister Moon
• Patron saint of animals
• Used animals in a representation of Jesus birth
• First Nativity scene

23
Causes of the Crusades

• The fall of Jerusalem to Muslim forces in the 7th
  century left the Holy Land out of Christian
  control
  
• Uneasy peace for four centuries until 1071 A.D.
• Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem
• Banned Christians from visiting
• Attacked Constantinople
• Pope Urban II calls bishops together in 1095 A.D.
  to discuss situation result to attack and
  defend the Holy Land
  

24
Crusade Characteristics

• The 8 Crusades fought over a period from 1096
  1270 A.D.
  
• Back and forth struggle with extreme cost in
  terms of lives and property
  
• Failed to secure the primary goal (Holy Land)
• Fourth Crusade of 1204
• Crusaders turned their focus on attacking
  Constantinople for no better reason than it was
  there
  
• Sealed the fate of Schism, still remembered by
  the East
  

25
Effects of the Crusades

• Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Vast increase in cultural horizons for many
  Europeans.
  
• Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
• Need to transfer large sums of money for troops
  and supplies led to development of banking
  techniques.
  
• Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms

26
Effects (cont)

• Knowledge introduced to Europe
• Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and
  stone churches
  
• Muslim minarets adopted as church spires
• Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
• Enrichment was primarily from East to West
• Europe had little to give in return
• Including religious artifacts from Eastern
  Christians

27
Medieval Architecture

• Evolution of the Cathedral
• Cathedral
• from the Latin word cathedra meaning seat or
  chair
  
• Became the official seat or church of a bishop
• Before the 12th century, churches were built in
  the Romanesque style
  
• Style of architecture developed in Italy
  characterized by decorative ornamentation
  
• During the Middle Ages, church architecture
  developed a new style Gothic
  
• A style of architecture developed in northern
  France that allowed for higher walls and expanded
  space for windows