Acids and Bases

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Chapter 10
Acids and Bases
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The hydrogen ion
is a proton
H
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Bronsted-Lowry Definition
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H3O
Cl-
H2O
HCl


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(acid)
(base)
H3O
Cl-
H2O
HCl


donor
acceptor
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Water, H2O
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Hydronium ion, H3O
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NH4
OH-
H2O
NH3


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(acid)
(base)
NH4
OH-
H2O
NH3


donor
acceptor
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Hydroxide ion, OH-
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NH4
OH-
H2O
NH3


NH4
OH-

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NH4
OH-
H2O
NH3


(acid)
(base)
(acid)
(base)
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Identify the Acid and the Base in Each Chemical
Equation

• HBr H2O ? H3O Br-
• H2O CN- ? HCN OH-
• HF H2O ? H3O F-

?
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Salt
An ionic compound formed from the reaction
between an acid and a base.
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Neutralization
The reaction between an acid and a base to give a
salt and water.
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Salt formation
HCl NaOH ? NaCl H2O
(acid)
(base)
(salt)
(water)
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Complete the following Neutralization Reactions

• HNO3 KOH ?
• 2 HCl Mg(OH)2 ?

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10.3 Solutions Can Be Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
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Amphoteric
A substance whose ability to behave as an acid is
about the same as its ability to behave as a
base.
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-
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For pure water



0.0000001 M
OH-

10-7 M



0.0000001 M
H3O

10-7 M
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RULE
x
10-7
10-7

10-14
0.0000001 M
X 0.0000001 M
0.00000000000001 M
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NEUTRAL SOLUTION
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BASIC SOLUTION
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Basic Solution Hydroxide ions gt Hydronium ions


OH-



Kw
H3O
x
10-5
10-9

10-14
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ACIDICSOLUTION
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Acidic Solution Hydronium ionsgt Hydroxide ions


H3O

Kw


OH-
x
10-11
10-3

10-14
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Kw
OH-
H3O
Kw


OH-
Acidic or Basic Solution?
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pH SCALE
log (logarithm)
The power to which 10 is raised
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log 1000 103

3
log 0.01 10-2 -2
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What is the pH of a solution with a hydronium ion
conc. of 10-9 M?


pH -log H3O


-log 10-9
- (-9)
9
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What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxide ion
conc. of .001 M?
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A solution of poison HCN gas has a pH of 5.0.
The equation for the reaction of HCN with
water is as follows HCN H2O ? H3O
CN- Determine which is the acid, base, H3O
and OH -
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CO2 (g)
H2O (l)
H2CO3 (aq)
Carbon dioxide
Carbonic acid
Water
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Sulfur Oxides (SOx)
SO2
SO3
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
NO
NO2
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Acid Rain
Rain having a pH of less than 5 arising from the
reactions of airborne pollutants.
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CaCO3 2 HCl ? CaCl2 H2O CO2
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10.5 Buffer Solutions Resist Changes in pH
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Buffer Solution
A solution that resists large changes in pH upon
the addition of an acid or a base
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A buffer solution contains at least two
components
A component to neutralize any incoming base
A component to neutralize any incoming acid
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Acetic acid
Sodium acetate
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Addition of an Acid (HCl)
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Addition of a Base (NaOH)
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Trauma or excitement can cause hyperventilation
(increased breathing rate), explain why people
are told to breathe into a paper bag in an
attempt to get their breathing rate back to
normal.