Second Week2

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Second Week-2

• Albania and Macedonia

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News
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Film Before the Rain

• Novice Kiril discovers visitor
• Murder suspect-fugitive-Albanian
• Relatives of victimsearch
• Violence
• Suspense

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Review Languages

• Three alphabets
• Different sources/language groups
• No clear borders

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Summary Alphabets

• Latin
• Cyrillic
• Greek

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Languages of the Balkans

• Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian Slavic
• Bulgarian Slavic
• Slovenian Slavic
• Macedonian Slavic
• Albanian
• Very unusual
• Dacian or Illyrian (speculative)
• Rumanian (Romanian) Romance
• Greek Helenic
• Romany Sanskrit (Indo-Iranian)

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Important fact

• Languages dont respect national borders

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Early Balkan Peoples

• During Neolithic Period (6,200-2,800 BC)
  Macedonia and Thrace were occupied by people of a
  different culture than those in the South of the
  Balkan Peninsula.
• In Middle Bronze Age (2500-2200 BC) and then
  again in Late Bronze Age (400-350 BC)
  Indo-European speakers arrive, among them Greek
  migrants from Pontic regions.

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2000 BC Indo-European Culture

• West - Istrians, Liburnians, Dalmatians,
  Illyrians
• North - Pannonians
• East - Daco-Mysians, Thracians, Phrygians
• South - Greeks, Macedonians, Pelasgians
• Scythian invasion eighth century BC
• Celtic incursions fourth century BC

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Who were the Ancient Macedonians?

• Herodotus - Dorians moved to S. Thessaly and SW
  Macedonia before Trojan War (1250 BC?). After
  Trojan War these Greek-speaking people moved
  south to Peloponnese leaving behind a mixed
  population of Greek-speaking tribes, Illyrians,
  and Thracians.
• On the coasts and Halkidiki Penninsula were Greek
  city-states, but inland was tribal. One of these
  tribes expanded its sphere of influence into the
  coastal plains, and its descendants were the
  Macedonians proper of ancient times.

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Roman Empire 400 AD
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7th-8th centuries

• Byzantine Empire (former Roman world south of
  Danube) becomes Greek under Heraclius I (610-641)
• Asiatic warriors (Avars Bulgars) arrive
• Slavic tribes disperse throughout region
• 1st Bulgarian Khanate (681) established under
  Khan Asparuch
• Bulgars assimilated by Slavs

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9th Century

• Charlemagne and Holy Roman Empire versus
  Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires
• Tsar/Khan Boris I (852-889) accepts Christianity
  from Byzantium (865)
• Rastislav of Moravia accepts mission of Cyril
  Methodius (863)
• Magyars take over lands north of Danube at end of
  century

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Macedonia
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• Geographic Macedonia
• Northar and Rila Mountains
• East Rhodope Mountains to Aegean Sea
• West Debar, Struga, Lake Ohrid, Prespa Lakes,
  Pindus Mountains
• South Mt. Olympos

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Ancient

• Civilizations 7000-3500 BC
• Strong kingdom by 5th century BC
• Becomes very strong in 4th under Philip II
• Alexander III the Great (his son Colin Farrell)
  military triumphs
• Empire decline by 30 BC

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Alexander the Great (325 BC)
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New Era

• Slavs overrun area in 6th AD
• Bulgars and ancient Thracians intermix
• Now associated with Bulgarian state
• Cyril and Methodius Macedonians from Salonica
• Tsar Samuels state 976-1014 claimed by
  Bulgarians and Macedonians

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Ottoman Domination

• Conquered in 1389
• 19th century Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria makes
  claims on Macedonian territory
• Independence movements around turn of century
  (1900)
• Patitioned by Treaty of London in 1913 Greece,
  Bulgaria, Serbia, and Albania

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Before and After Partition (1913)
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Post-WWI

• Greece actively promoting Greek-ness of
  Macedonia
• Numerous independence activities
• WWII Nazi Bulgaria occupied Macedonia
• Resistance efforts independent Macedonia (in
  part)
• Not recognized by Greece

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Republic of Macedonia 1991

• Name issues with Greece
• The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
• Problems with Albania too origins, original
  territory rights

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Leaders Today

• President Branko Crvenkovski
• Prime minister Vlado Buckovski

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Albania

• Population 3.5 million
• Illyrian heritage (pre-Greek)
• Occupied territory long before Slavs
• Distinctive language
• Centuries of Turkish occupation
• Occupied Kosovo, but never held it long
• Complex role in WWII
• Very secular state
• Animosity based on memory of massacres

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History of Albania

• The Sahat Kulla (Clock Tower) and Ethem Bey's
  Mosque \
• Tirana (capital)

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Very Early History

• Illyrian settlements (BC)
• Wars with Greeks in the South (BC)
• Wars with Romans in the North (BC)
• Roman control in 2nd century BC
• Visigoths, Huns, Ostrogoths and Slavs 5th and 6th
  Centuries AD
• Byzantines, Bulgarians and Normans later Serbs,
  Turks (Ottoman Empire) and Venetians

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Ottoman domination 1479-1912

• 1878 Albanian League begins struggle for
  independence (in Kosova)
• Uprisings in 1881, 1910, 1912
• Declaration of Independence in 1912
• Territory ceded to Serbia in 1913 by London
  Ambassadors Conference

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WWI-WWII

• Occupied by Greece, France, Italy, Serbia,
  Austria-Hugary
• Ahmet Zogu leader in 20s and 30s
• Enver Hoxha (Communist) led resistance in 1940s,
  WWII
• Peoples Republic in 1946
• Maintained independence and isolation from world
  powers, with special Chinese connections

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After Communism

• Hoxha died in 1985
• Communist rule ended in 1992
• Severe economic problems
• Migration of workers abroad
• Territory claims by Greece (which calls part of
  Albania Northern Epiros)
• Support for Kosova and Macedonian Albanians

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Enver Hoxha
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Facts

• Population 3.2 million (UN, 2004)
• Capital Tirana
• Major religion Islam
• Life expectancy 71 years (men), 77 years (women)
  (UN)
• Main exports Chromium and chrome products,
  processed foodstuffs

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Politics

• President Alfred Moisiu
• Prime minister Fatos Nano

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Myth

• Story, or characters and themes in a story, often
  with supernatural elements, that is accorded
  special status in a society by custom or
  tradition.
• Implications
• May have little basis in historical fact
• May give expression to hopes
• May give focus to fears and anger

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Why People Believe Weird Things

• Dogmatism is comfortable and reassuring
• Satisfies desire for nice, neat, simple
  explanations
• Our goal to understand human actions, not to
  scorn them (Spinoza)

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Albanian Blood Feuds

• Film Enemy Mine
• Mountain peoples
• Generational chains of violence
• Not just the Balkans
• White Faces asking sincere forgiveness
• Breaking the cycle