Title: RELIGION
1RELIGION
2RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS
3RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS
4RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS
5Religion as a force for stability and change
Religion creates passive individuals who do not
attempt to change the world for the better, but
simply accept spiritual alternatives.
Religion prevents change in society. It retains
and reinforces conservative and traditional
values.
Religion
Religion can often have a close relationship to
the State reinforcing a political and
social ideology.
Religion restricts social change and justifies
social inequality. It is patriarchal and
condones many to suffering here on Earth.
6Religion as a force for stability and change
Radical religious movements fight for change
in society. The Religious Right in America have
great influence over politicians and leaders in
society.
Some religious organisations emphasise doing
good here on Earth. These organisations are
more likely to bring about change. Liberation
Theology emphasises salvation from repression
particularly in Latin America.
Religion
Religious groups that recruit their members
from less-privileged people are more likely to
want social change. E.g. Roman Catholic priests
in Latin America and radical Islamic groups.
Religious groups with a strong sense of
authority and good organisation are more
likely to bring about social change.
7Religion and Social Class
- Mainstream religions are inclusive so recruit
from a broad range of classes. - Established religions like the Church of England
tend to be middle class, with its leaders tending
to come from privileged backgrounds. - Many denominations tend to have more working
class members. - Cults often recruit from deprived and marginal
groups in society, though they can attract a
cross section of society. - NAM and NRM tend to appeal to the middle classes,
particularly young professionals.
8Religion and Age Groups
- The old and young tend to be more religious,
though many established religions have support
from a wide age group. - The elderly often turn to religion as a comfort
or social experience. - Middle aged groups are more likely to be
attracted to NAM and world affirming NRM. - Young people often rebel against the religion of
their parents or chose to opt out. Many become
attracted to cults and sects often as a result
of a change in lifestyle or influenced by the
Mass Media or peer groups.
9Religion and Gender
- Though the Anglican Church is male dominated,
women are more likely to attend church than men. - Women are also more likely to be involved in NRM
and NAM. - Women are often attracted to NAM because they
emphasise feminine characteristics such as
caring and healing. - Older women turn to religion for a sense of
community. - In most religions women play a secondary role to
men, often sidelined or marginalised, which many
see as a form of social control.
10Religion and Ethnicity
- Many ethnic groups are more religious and
participate readily in religion, as it is more
significant to their culture. - People of Afro-Caribbean descent have a huge
input in the rise of Pentecostalism and Gospel
Evangelism. - There has been a steady rise in the number of
people in the UK attending non-Christian places
of worship. - Many non-Christians in the UK see their religion
as a way of life rather than simply an act of
faith. - Religion can maintain a cultural identity and a
form of community amongst ethnic groups.
11Growth of Alternative ReligionsNRM NAM
- Postmodern society has led to increased choice
and diversity, creating greater emphasis on
individualism. Individual beliefs are trusted
more than established religions. - Founders of new religions develop new
ideas/products to convert people to. - Many people reject traditional religious
explanations of spirituality and do not
accept/trust scientific theories of the natural
world. - Many people feel marginalised by society and seek
new movements to make sense of their lives/the
world. - Social change such as cultural diversity,
breakdown of society, secularisation, crisis of
identity, terrorism, general uncertainty, give
new movements greater appeal. - People who have become dissatisfied with
established mainstream religions, seek
alternative belief systems.
12Growth of Christian Fundamentalism
- People have rebelled against globalisation,
postmodernism and secularisation, accepting the
certainty that fundamentalism provides. - Relaxation of the divorce laws, legalised
abortion, gay rights, the increase in
pornography, secular education, have given rise
to powerful groups such as the New Religious
Right in the USA. They believe that liberal
reforms have brought about a state of moral
crisis and wish to return to the literal
interpretation of the Bible. - Strong charismatic leaders promoting their views
through mass communication can provide trust and
meaning in times of uncertainty. - E.g. of Christian Fundamentalism bombing of
abortion clinics challenging, through the
courts, the teaching of evolution.
13Growth of Islamic Fundamentalism
- Globalisation, postmodernism and modernising
governments have led to a rise in Islamic
Fundamentalism, seeking to return to Muslim
beliefs. - Western values are seen as corrupt, creating
uncertainty, class inequality and an erosion of
tradition and traditional beliefs. - Strong charismatic leaders, promoting their views
through mass communication, promise salvation and
eternal life to adherents who carry out their
orders e.g. suicide bombers. - E.g. of Islamic Fundamentalism Iranian
Revolution 1979 al Qaeda Osama bin Laden
bombing of Pentagon and World Trade Centre 2001
July 7th bombing in London 2005.
14Religion Marx
- Marx viewed religion as something that inhibits
change a form of social control that keeps the
working classes in a state of false
consciousness. - Religion is the sign of the oppressed creature,
the sentiment of a heartless world. It is the
opium of the people. Religion acts as a drug
that does not solve problems but merely eases the
pain. - Religion is a tool of class exploitation it
provides the basis of ruling class ideology and
justifies the social order. The hymn All things
bright and beautiful contains the verse.. The
rich man in his castle, the poor man at his gate,
God made them high and lowly, and ordered their
estate. - Religion is a conservative force which prevents
social change. The masses are promised rewards in
heaven, so they put up with suffering on Earth. - Religion, therefore, involves the distortion of
reality. It is ideological, in that it
legitimises an unjust social order that makes it
appear inevitable and unchangeable.
15Religion Weber, Berger and Interactionist
Theory
- Weber assumed that as societies advanced
technologically and scientifically then
individuals would cease to rely on religious
meanings. They would use rational explanations to
understand their world, which would become less
enchanted and sacred. - Weber suggests that religion deals with the
problem of theodicy (justice of god) how to
make sense of a benevolent god in a world full of
evil and suffering. E.g. Calvinist belief in
pre-destination Hindu belief that everyone, no
matter how unfortunate, deserve to be in the
position they are in. - Berger suggests that one of the most important
aspects of religion is its ability to explain
phenomena such as evil, suffering and death. - Berger speaks of the theodicy of disprivilege
the promise of salvation may be seen as
compensation for poverty. Such ideas promote the
view that it is pointless trying to change the
here and now.
16Religion - Functionalism
- Functionalists also see religion as something
that inhibits change. But they view this as a
good thing something that creates social order
based on shared values. - Durkheim The sacred (holy or spiritual) stands
for the values of society or the community. By
worshipping the sacred people are effectively
worshipping their society. - Religion maintains social solidarity by providing
unifying practices and beliefs a collective
consciousness. - Religion strengthens values and promotes a sense
of belonging and commitment. Social change and
deviant behaviour are restricted, as religion
binds people to society.
17Religion - Functionalism
- Parsons Religion lays down guidelines for
individuals and societies in terms of core
values. - Religion helps integrate people into a community
or society and helps make sense of their lives. - Malinowski Religion helps deal with the
emotional stress and anxiety of events such as
death. Religious ceremonies at funerals create
group unity and help manage tension. - Bellah Civil Religion (secular symbols, rituals
and ceremonies) creates social cohesion. Thus
flag waving, royal marriages and deaths bring
about a collective feeling that generates order. - Functionalists see religion as a force to
socialise and integrate people into society, to
maintain societies norms and values preventing
anomie, and to enable people to come to terms
with life changing events.
18Religion - Feminism
- Women see God as a god of love, comfort and
forgiveness men see God more as a god of power
and control. (Davie, 1994) - Women are often excluded from power in many
religions Roman Catholicism allows only male
priests, Orthodox Jews only male Rabbis and Islam
only male Imams. - Feminists believe that religion is patriarchal
justifying male domination. Scriptures and
religious texts often state that women are
imperfect, temptresses or distractions to men.
E.g. Eve created from Adam Eve and the apple. - Though many women are venerated in Christianity,
it is generally through acts of chastity, charity
or as child bearers. The virgin Mary is seen as
divine through being the mother of Jesus. - The ordination of women priests in the Anglican
Church has led to great divisions. Many see this
as further proof of the subordination of women in
religion.
19Secularisation
- A process whereby religion loses its influence
over the various spheres of social life.
(Wilson, 1996) - Church attendance and membership has gone down by
over 1 million in the last 20 years. In 2000 only
7.5 of the population attended, and church
membership was 10 of the population. (Religious
Trends, 2000) - Baptisms have decreased by nearly 40 since 1900.
(Religious Trends, 2000) - The average age of church goers is increasing
rapidly and only 4 of the population attend
Sunday School. (Religious Trends, 2000) - Church weddings now account for 50 of marriages
compared to 75, 30 years ago. - In 1900 there were over 45,000 clerics in
Britain. This has dropped to just over 34,000
clerics in 2000 despite the population having
doubled. - The UK has become increasingly multi-cultural and
established churches are losing their influence
in integrating people into shared values. - Science and rational explanations are undermining
religion.
20Secularisation an over-generalisation?
- It is difficult to measure secularisation
different groups measure membership in different
ways. - Religion is a private experience for many and
therefore may not be reliably measured. Davie
(1995) has characterised the situation in Britain
as believing without belonging. - Surveys still show high levels of religiosity or
some religious beliefs. In 1998, 21 of those
surveyed agreed to the statement I know God
exists and I have no doubt about it. Only 10
said that they did not believe in God at all.
(British Social Attitudes survey, 1998) - Religious programmes such as Songs of Praise on
the BBC attract between 7 and 8 million viewers. - While established religions may be in decline in
Britain the growth of the immigrant population
has led to an increase in religiosity. Islam is
the fastest growing religion in Britain and
non-Trinitarian church membership is growing. - Religious participation also varies between
social groups, with ethnic minority groups
continuing to be religiously committed.