1,000 eggs

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(No Transcript)
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Q. How many eggs can the female
salmon lay each year?
1,000 eggs
8,000 eggs
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Well Done! The female salmon can lay up to 8,000
eggs each year in a nest called a redd when she
returns to the river where she was born to Spawn
in November or December.
NEXT
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The correct answer is The female salmon can lay
up to 8,000 eggs each year in a nest called a
redd when she returns to the river where she
was born to spawn in November or December.
NEXT
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Q. What did the largest salmon caught by
rod and line in Britain weigh?
34lbs (15kg)
64lbs (29kg)
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Well Done! The biggest salmon caught in Britain
using rod and line weighed 64lbs (29kg)! It was
caught by Miss Georgina Ballantyne in the River
Tay in 1922.
NEXT
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The correct answer is The biggest salmon caught
in Britain using a rod and line weighed 64lbs
(29kg)! It was caught by Miss Georgina
Ballantyne in the River Tay in 1922.
NEXT
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Q. How many young salmon can the
Kielder hatchery produce each year?
800,000
160,000
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The correct answer is The hatchery produces up
to 800,000 young salmon each year five times
more than what was originally hoped.
NEXT
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Well Done! The hatchery produces up to 800,000
young salmon each year five times more than
what was originally hoped.
NEXT
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Q. How far can a salmon travel on its
migration journey at sea?
1,500 miles
2,500 miles
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Well Done! A salmons migration journey at sea
can be up to 2,500 miles feeding in waters off
Greenland, the Faeroe islands and Norway.
NEXT
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The correct answer is A salmons migration
journey at sea can be up to 2,500 miles feeding
in the waters off Greenland, the Faeroe islands
and Norway.
NEXT
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Q. When a baby salmon leaves its egg
what is it called?
Alevin
Alwyn
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Well Done! When a baby salmon leaves its egg
its called an alevin An alevin is about two
centimetres long with its food coming from an
attached nutrient-rich yolk sac.
NEXT
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The correct answer is When a baby salmon leaves
its egg its called an alevin. An alevin is
about two centimetres long with its food coming
from an attached nutrient-rich yolk sac.
NEXT
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Common frogs prefer damp places such as moss,
stones or fallen tree trunks to hide during hot
days. They usually come out at dusk when its
cooler to hunt for small insects or sometimes
during the day after rainfall. Female frogs lay
masses of eggs or frogspawn in the water.
Tadpoles hatch after about 14 days and use their
gills to breath underwater. Tadpoles have long
stubby tails which disappear as they grow over
the next three months, They grow four legs
becoming a miniature frogs after about three
months.
19
Kingfishers are stumpy looking birds with
dagger-like bills, short wings and brilliant
colours. They are very active hunters spending
most of the time perched on a branch at the
waters edge watching for their next meal. They
dart low over the water then hover before diving
for food such as small fish, frogs and insects.
They nest in tunnels made in the river banks
and the females lay five to seven eggs between
April and August.
20
If you are very lucky you may see barn owls
hunting by day for mice, small birds and insects.
Their call is a long shriek when flying and
they also make snoring and whistle sounds. They
make nests in old buildings, hollow trees and
cliffs. They lay four to seven eggs each year
between April and October when there is plenty of
food around to feed the baby owls. Barn owls
have large eyes that help them see at night and
powerful legs with sharp talons to catch food.
You may sometimes spot a barn owl lit up in the
headlights of your car. It looks ghostly pale as
it silently flies into the night.
21
Coots have black plumage and an area of white on
their foreheads used in aggressive displays to
match their white bills. They can often be seen
on lakes and reservoirs. The males often squabble
over territory with their large feet being used
for fighting. Their fleshy toes are adapted for
walking on soft uneven surfaces and they can be
seen walking across water on the leaves of
plants. Coots eat mainly water plants, grass
and seeds as well as insects, small fish,
molluscs and eggs.
22
These large birds of prey are sometimes called
fish hawks. They are spectacular hunters living
almost entirely on fish. When hunting they fly
to a height of about 30metres gliding and
hovering until they spot a large fish near the
surface of the water. They then plunge with half
folded wings towards the water, feet first,
snatching the fish at the last moment with their
sharp talons. An adult Osprey can carry fish
weighing up to two kilograms back to its nest
called an eyrie - a collection of large sticks
and branches high in a tree. Ospreys usually lay
three eggs in early May and their young can fly
after about eight weeks.
23
Dippers can sometimes be seen on the shores of
lakes and reservoirs and are rarely seen far
from water. They often stand on rocks bobbing up
and down looking for food. They prefer swimming
to flying and can actually walk underwater in
shallow riverbeds and streams in search of water
insects, worms and small fish. They build large
domed nests, mainly made of moss, on a ledge,
overhang or hole in the river bank. The female
lays four to five eggs in late March and the
young are able to fly after about three weeks.
24
Moorhens are stocky birds with bright red
foreheads, yellow bills and streaks of white
along their sides and a flash of white on their
tails. They have very long green-yellow legs and
feet and both the male and female look exactly
the same. Like their relative the coots,
moorhens are aggressive when defending their
territory, attacking with both feet and bill. If
alarmed, the birds will dive and stay underwater
with just their bills showing at the surface.
Moorhens eat water plants, grass and seeds as
well as insects, small fish, molluscs and eggs.
They can lay between five to 11 eggs, twice a
year.
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Oystercatchers are stocky wading birds that are
very easy to identify with their black and white
plumage, bright orange bills and red legs. They
eat small crabs, shrimps, mussels, other
shellfish and worms. They can often be seen
gathering in large flocks as they are very
sociable birds. Oystercatchers have a very
piercing call when disturbed or threatened.
They make their nests on the ground amongst the
stones, sand and pebbles and their black speckled
and sandycoloured eggs are perfectly disguised .
Oystercatchers lay two to four eggs each year and
their chicks can leave the nest within a few
hours of hatching.
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Brilliantly colourful and fast fliers, these
hunters capture many kinds of insects while they
are flying. They are one of the oldest types of
insects and versions of the type of dragonfly we
see today were flying over 300 million years ago!
Dragonflies lay their eggs among water plants.
Their young hatch into a crawling insect called a
nymph that spends about two years underwater
feeding on small insects and tadpoles. They crawl
out of the water and emerge as fully grown
dragonflies with whirring, transparent
wings. Dragonflies dart around at speeds of up
to 18 miles per hour defending their lakeside
territory.
27
Diving beetles spend all their life in the water
although they can fly away to a new pond or
stream if they have to. They eat small fish,
frogs, nymphs and many other kinds of small water
life. They suck the body contents out of their
prey. Most diving beetles trap air in their hard
wing cases. This is to provide oxygen for
breathing underwater and to help them keep
buoyant when returning to the surface to renew
their supply of air. You will notice diving
beetles frequently returning to the surface of
the water and projecting their tail end into the
air this is how they take new air on board.
28
You will see adult mayflies from mid-April to
September when large numbers fly above rivers
streams and lakes. They have very long tails
that are sometimes longer than their bodies. They
are an important food source for freshwater fish.
Some anglers use imitation mayfly to try and
catch fish such as salmon or trout. Before
mayflies become flying insects they spend time
under water as nymphs where they feed on water
plants. They live at the bottom of lakes, streams
or riverbeds. When nymphs emerge as flying
adults, they only live for a few hoursjust
enough time to lay their eggs.
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Before mayflies become flying insects, they spend
about two years under the water as crawling
mayfly nymphs. They breath through gills on
their backs and hunt small water insects using
powerful jaws to grab their victims. Fully
developed nymphs leave the water on a fine
summers morning. They usually climb up the stem
of a water plant and rest during which time they
moult. The skin of the nymphs split open and
the adult mayflies emerge, spread their wings and
fly off. Mayfly nymphs only live for one day in
which they have to mate with the females having
to lay their eggs in the water by the end of that
same day!
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Red squirrels with their bright chestnut fur and
bushy tails are rather shy but can be sometimes
seen scurrying high in the treetops. They are
accomplished acrobats capable of jumping
seemingly impossible distances in their hunt for
their favourite food - the seeds of conifer tree
cones. They have powerful claws that allow them
to grip the bark of trees and even run headfirst
down tree trunks. They have distinctive chestnut
coloured ear-tufts and their coat turns from a
matching chestnut to a silky chocolate brown in
winter. Squirrels make a nest of twigs and moss
called a drey.
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Otters are streamlined for speed in the water
with a long body, powerful tail and strong, short
legs with webbed feet. They are agile swimmers
and well adapted for hunting fish. They are
rather solitary animals with male and females
only staying together for mating, which may take
place any time of year. Two or three cubs are
born in a den or holt usually made in a hole in
a bank or hollow tree close to the river bank.
Young otters are very playful and love sliding
down muddy banks into the water. Otters are
vulnerable to pollution and disturbance by
people. Northumberland is an otter stronghold.
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Foxes are sometimes called red foxes because of
their reddish-brown coats and white tipped tails.
They are not usually active by day, preferring
to hunt at night. They prey on small animals
like rabbits, rats, mice and a variety of birds.
Foxes will also feed on household scraps left in
your dustbin! They lead solitary lives most of
the year until December, when they look for a
mate. The male fox is called a dog and the
female a vixen. Foxes make a home called a den
in old badger holes or enlarged rabbit holes. Up
to ten cubs are born mid -March each year.
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Bank voles are members of the mouse family. They
can sometimes be seen scurrying around in bramble
bushes or running through tunnels they have made.
Their favourite foods are nuts and berries
which they sometimes store in their underground
nests. Each vole has its own territory and
normally doesnt stray more than 50 metres from
its nest. Females can have up to 25 babies each
year between April and September. Young bank
voles are grey-brown and when fully grown only
weigh 28 grams. They are so small they can climb
and balance on bramble bushes while looking for
juicy berries to eat.
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Badgers are relatives of the stoat and weasel
family. They are nocturnal coming out at dusk to
hunt for plants, roots, grubs, frogs, small
mammals and especially earthworms. Badgers are
powerfully built animals with short legs and
strong claws for digging. They live in groups of
small families in extensive underground tunnels
called setts which are kept very clean and
tidy. Two or three cubs are born each year and
can sometimes be seen in the moonlight rolling
about and playing in front of the entrance to
their home.
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Perch have high backed, flat sided bodies which
in water rich in nutrients is often strikingly
arched. In Europe, perch usually measure 30-50
centimetres and weigh about one to two
kilograms. Perch are found in England Wales,
however they have never been found in Scotland,
36
Brown Trout live in well oxygenated mountain and
upland streams and rivers throughout the whole
of Europe. They tend to live on insects, insect
larvae and crustaceans. Bigger trout eat insects
that have fallen into the water and small
fish. Brown Trout are economically important
freshwater fish. They are popular fish with
anglers, to whom catching it with a fly is a
great experience.
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Adult charr usually measure between 50-60
centimetres and weigh one to two
kilograms. Charr live mainly on invertebrate
animals like worms, larvae and insects floating
on the surface of the water, but their chief
food in the sea is fish, especially cod.
Different species of charr live mainly in lakes
in Scandinavia, the Alps and the British Isles
before migrating to the sea,
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Stickleback are tiny fish measuring no more than
four to six centimetres. What makes these fish
remarkable is that on their backs there are
usually three (sometimes more) separate
spikes. Some sticklebacks have large bony plates
on their sides, and larger spikes to protect
them from predators. They are very popular with
children who go fishing with a net and jam jar.
39

Freshwater invertebrates are small animals that
live in rivers and ponds. There are hundreds of
different types. Many are the larvae of insects
that have flying adults, like dragonflies, but
some like freshwater shrimps live their whole
lives in water. Most invertebrates live on or
in the sediment at the bottom, but some swim
freely in the water and others actually stand on
the waters surface. These animals can tell us
a lot about the quality of the water they are
living in. The Environment Agency collects
samples of invertebrates every year to help
assess the quality of water.
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The Alderfly larvae are fearsome predators
feeding on other bugs. The larvae are
nicknamed toe biters as they have strong jaws,
which they use to grasp their prey. Alderfly
larvae can be found at the bottom of clear,
cool, slow flowing streams. They prefer to live
in mud or under stones.
41
Damselfly nymphs have extendable jaws that can
fold up under the head. They live on plants and
among stones at the bottom of ponds or
slow-flowing rivers. Damselfly nymphs are
predators and feed mostly on other insects in the
water. They have even been known to eat each
other. Nymphs shoot out their lower lip to grab
prey, then the lip is pulled back to begin
feeding.
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Diving beetles are common in ponds and can fly
between different sites. Some diving beetles
grow to be as big as a small chicken egg.
Diving beetles have biting mouths and can eat
snails and fish much larger than themselves.
43
Frogs are vertebrates know as amphibians. Their
skin absorbs water into their body so they do
not have to drink water to survive. They have
strong back legs which helps them leap forward.
They live in the water or near ponds and
streams. Frogs mainly eat small insects which
they catch with their sticky tongue.
44
Mayfly larvae (burrowing form) live in small
sandy burrows and are common in clean water
conditions. Mayfly nymphs either eat plant
matter or feed on decaying material. They can
take from two to three weeks to two years to
become adults.
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Mayfly nymphs (flattened form) have three tails
and tend to eat algae that grows on the surface
of stones. They are common in fast flowing
clean water conditions. Mayfly nymphs can take
from three weeks to two years to become adults.
46
Pond skaters float on the surface of water,
sensing vibrations with the hairs on their legs.
They live in still water such as ponds feeding
on other insects. If an insect falls into the
water, the ripples tell the pond skater where the
insect is. They are very agile and can jump to
evade a predator. They hibernate through the
winter until late April.
47
Rat-tailed maggots have a telescopic breathing
tube at the rear that gives them their name.
The cylindrical body may be up to 20
millimetres long with a tail-like breathing tube
30 to 40 millimetres long. Rat-tailed maggots
are fairly tolerant of pollution and can live in
sewage lagoons and cesspools.
48
Water measurers live on vegetation along edges of
ponds, marshes and pools of slow-moving streams.
They are able to walk on water without breaking
the surface. They feed on slow moving, dying or
dead insects. Typical prey includes midges,
water fleas and bloodworms.
49
The larvae of water beetles have segmented
bodies and no wings, unlike the adult beetles.
They can often be found in streams, slow
moving rivers, puddles and lakes. Beetle larvae
eat plant and animal matter and are between two
to 22 millimetres long.
50
A Cased Caddis fly larva can be found in either
static or running water. The cases are made
from materials such as stones, sand, leaves and
twigs. They eat algae and plants, are worm-like
and can grow up to 20 millimetres long. The
Caddis flies are related to butterflies and moths.
51
Freshwater hoglice look very similar to woodlice
and feed on decaying matter. They prefer
stagnant water, ponds and slow-moving rivers
where they scuttle around over weed and under
debris. Hoglice are adapted to survive on low
oxygen levels and as a consequence they are able
to live in moderately polluted water
52
Leeches are found under rocks in slow moving
rivers and ponds as they prefer shallow water.
They can swim and can also walk in a looping
way. Their mouths have three small jaws with
sharp teeth. They feed on the blood of
amphibians, birds, reptiles, fish and mammals
(including humans). Some leeches eat their prey
whole rather than attach themselves!
53
Pond snails are common in calm parts of ponds and
rivers but are absent from very acidic water.
They attach onto plants or rocks so they are
able to feed on algae and dead or decaying plants
in the water. Their tongue has layers of teeth,
which scrape food particles into its mouth.
54
Freshwater shrimps are found in rivers and ponds,
close to the bank. They prefer slow flowing
water. They mainly eat decomposing vegetation
and particles of algae. They use their first two
pairs of legs to grab the food and put it in
their mouth. Shrimps are transparent and are
typically greyish in colour. Many types of fish
depend on them for food.
55
Water crickets live mainly on the edges of
ponds. They are closely related to pond skaters
and water measurers. Water crickets are
predators or scavengers feeding on small insects
on the waters surface.
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Water mites are very tiny and look like little
fat spiders. They swim in slow flowing and
shallow waters among plants. Water mites eat
plant or animal substances. They can be
parasitic and attach themselves to other aquatic
insects to feed off them.
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Whirligig Larvae have long, segmented bodies with
many legs. They mainly live on the surface of
the water on the edges of ponds and
streams. Whirligig larvae eat soft-bodied worms
and insect larvae.
58
UK crayfish are freshwater crustaceans resembling
small lobsters. They can be found in streams
and rivers but they cannot live in polluted
water. UK crayfish will eat anything when they
are hungry including fish, plants and even other
crayfish.
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Dragonflies are fast-flying, four-winged insects
with long bodies and enormous eyes. The adult
dragonfly has the biggest eyes in the insect
world capable of detecting movement up to 15
metres away. Dragonflies typically eat
mosquitoes, midges, flies and butterflies. They
are usually found around lakes, ponds, streams
and wetlands.
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Dragonfly nymphs are the top predators in the
invertebrate world and can even eat small
fish. They catch their food with a toothed lower
lip which is used to grab its prey. Dragonfly
nymphs live at the bottom of ponds or slow
flowing rivers for up to five years before
emerging as adult dragonflies.
61
Greatwater boatmen are invertebrates that swim
upside down, propelled by two long legs which
paddle like oars. They feed on tadpoles and
other insects such as the diving beetle.
Greatwater boatmen kill their prey by jabbing
it and injecting toxic saliva.
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There are thousands of different types of
non-biting fly larvae which live in fresh water.
Even a drop of water is enough to sustain a
midge larva. This type tends to be more common in
polluted conditions as they feed on the organic
particles. Midge larvae are often bright red in
colour and can grow up to 50 millimetres long.
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Ramshorn snails are a flattened variety that are
common in many different types of river and
pond edges. They eat algae that coat water
plants using a file-like tongue consisting of
rows of teeth. Their tongues are moved
backwards and forwards to remove the algae off
the surface of plants or rocks.
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Stonefly nymphs have two tails and are usually
ferocious predators. Each leg has two claws that
are used to cling to rocks and sticks. They
only tend to live in clean water conditions and
live under stones in fast flowing streams.
Stonefly nymphs can grow between seven to 12
millimetres long.
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There are over 100 species of water flea. Water
fleas are up to three millimetres in length.
They are commonly sold as aquarium food
since they are easy to culture and reproduce
rapidly. Water fleas can live in salt or fresh
water.
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Whirligig beetles normally live on the surface of
the water and get their name from swimming
rapidly in circles when alarmed. They have
divided eyes to see both above and below water
at the same time. Their food is largely small
insects on the surface of the water. Whirligig
beetles can also fly using wings hidden under
their wing cases
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Pearl mussels Arctic charr Star facts
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• Pearl mussels are freshwater molluscs with dark
  oval shells up to 150 millimetres long
• They feed on tiny particles in the water and live
  partly buried in gravel beds of fast flowing
  upland rivers. Individual mussels can live to be
  100 years old

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• To reproduce successfully their future is closely
  linked with that of the salmon
• After fertilisation, eggs develop into larvae in
  the female mussel

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• These larvae, called glochidea, are
• released into the water and attach
• to a host salmon
• When the larvae changes into adult mussels they
  then drop off the host fish into a new
• part of the river

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• Outside the visitor centre go and see the pearl
  mussels in the viewing tank.
• Look in the breeding tank which aims to get
  20,000 salmon a year carrying glochidea released
  into the River Tyne

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• UK freshwater pearl mussel populations have been
  declining over the past 100 years
• UK Biodiversity Action Plan now
• considers pearl mussels as threatened
• The species is internationally recognised as
  seriously endangered

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• Our English pearl mussels rarely make
• pearls
• Pearls that have been found recently in
• Tyne mussels are very small, coloured
• and misshaped
• Its illegal to fish for pearl mussels or sell
• the pearls from them

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• If you see anybody disturbing pearl mussels or
  if you find a pile of pearl mussel shells on a
  riverbank please call
• Environment Agency on
• 0800 807060
• 24 hours

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• Arctic charr are colourful fish that were
  probably among the first fish to re-enter fresh
  waters when
• the last ice age ended.
• They were once common in lakes throughout
• the UK but are now only found in certain
• upland areas.

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• The Arctic charr prefer cold northern conditions
  and in the UK their stronghold is in the
  Highlands of Scotland where over 200 populations
  exist
• In England the Lake District has a number of
  lakes, including Ennerdale Water,
• that contain charr

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• Arctic charr are closely related to salmon
• and trout and have many characteristics
• of both
• The Kielder hatchery uses the same
• facilities in which it rears young salmon
• to rear young charr

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• The hatchery raises Arctic charr to a size where
  the young fish can be introduced into water
• They are taken to the Lake District and released
  into Ennerdale Water

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• As yet there is no demand to support the
  recreational or commercial exploitation of Arctic
  charr in the UK
• They are a major food and recreational resource
  in northern countries such as Canada and Norway.

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• Arctic charr are protected under the Wildlife and
  Countryside Act
• They are also a priority species under the UK
  Biodiversity Action Plan

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• The causes of its decline include over fishing,
  pollution and river engineering works
• They are now protected under international
• law and there are considerable efforts underway
  to prevent the extinction of
• this interesting species

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• The Arctic charr are useful species to study as a
  model of evolution
• In the UK they have very rapidly diversified
• into a wide range of different forms over the
• last 8,000 to 10,000 years

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• 10,000 years is a very short period for changes
  to happen and its believed that the charrs
  evolution is still in progress.
• Charr are sometimes known as Darwins fish
  (Darwin discovered the theory of evolution)
  because its thought we can learn a lot about
  evolutionary processes by studying how they have
  changed

Charles Darwin
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• Initial production at the Kielder hatchery was
  160,000 salmon per year
• Production has since increased to around 800,000
  fish per year

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• The Kielder hatchery is a centre of excellence
• for equipment design and development
• It also serves as a vital resource for
  education
• and raising awareness of environmental
  issues
• Peter Gray managed the hatchery until 2005
• and pioneered the use of salmon egg
• incubators and electronetting

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• Egg incubators are boxes which mimic conditions
  that salmon alevins would
• experience in river gravels after hatching
• They allow the alevins to develop in safe
  well oxygenated conditions, using their yolk
  sac until they are ready to swim up and
  emerge into tanks

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• Electronetting is a method of fishing using an
  electrified net
• The net is dragged through pools to trap salmon
  and has increased the efficiency of brood stock
  collection