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Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts

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Title: Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts


1
  • Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts
    Tourism System

2
Learning Objectives
  • To identify important terminologies.
  • To explain why economists dont think of tourism
    as being an industry.
  • To explain the reasons for using a systems
    approach for tourism.
  • To describe the parts of The Tourism System the
    Tourism System model.

3
Contents
  • Some fundamental concepts
  • Tourism
  • Tourism Industry
  • Visitor, tourist, excursionist
  • Why use a system approach
  • The parts of Tourism System Model

4
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTSWhat is Tourism
  • There is no single definition of tourism that is
    universally accepted.
  • WTO , Madrid, Spain, is a specialized agency of
    the United Nations.
  • The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as
  • Activities of persons traveling to and staying
    in places outside their usual environment for not
    more than one consecutive year for leisure,
    business and other purposes not related to the
    exercise of an activity remunerated from within
    the place visited.

5
Branches of tourism
  • Inbound international tourism visits to a
    country by nonresidents of that country.
  • Outbound international tourism visits by the
    residents of a country to other countries.
  • Domestic tourism visits by residents within
    their own country.
  • Internal tourism domestic inbound
    international
  • Visits by residents and non-residents within
    a country.
  • National tourism domestic outbound
    international
  • Visits by the residents of a country within
    their own country and to other countries.
  • E.g.. China Inbound-domestic-outbound

6
AIEST definition
  • AIEST stands for International Association of
    Scientific Experts in Tourism.
  • Hunziker and Krapf, in 1942, defined tourism as
    "the totality of the relationship and phenomenon
    arising from the travel and stay of strangers,
    provided that the stay does not imply the
    establishment of a permanent residence and is not
    connected with a remunerative activities".
  • Above definition was then accepted by AIEST as
    below
  • Tourism is the sum of phenomena and
    relationships arising from travel and stay of non
    residents in so far as they do not lead to
    permanent residence and are not connected with
    any earning activity.
  • This definition is widely accepted in China.

7
Tourism course Disciplines inputs to the
tourism field
Psychology
Geography
8
Underlying themes
9
What is an Industry
  • Well (1989) defines an industry as
  • a number of firms that produce similar goods
    and services and therefore are in competition
    with one another.
  • For instance, the steel industry is defined by
    the steel products they produce.

10
How about tourism industry?
  • Many businesses and other types of tourism
    organizations offer complementary rather than
    competing products and services.
  • An airline, hotel, restaurant, travel agency,
    and attraction do not compete with each other.
    They complement each other and combine to offer
    visitors a satisfying vacation or business trip.
  • The input and output can not be clearly
    identified.
  • Besides there is no single industry code for
    tourism under the North American Industry
    Classification System (NAICS)
  • Macroeconomists point out that the recognition of
    tourism as an industry can lead to double
    counting because standard industry
    classifications fully account for all elements of
    the economy without finding it necessary or
    appropriate to recognize tourism.

11
Tourism industry
  • Unlike other industries that are defined by the
    products and services they produce (the supply
    side), the tourism industry is defined from a
    demand side perspective.
  • A tourism industry supplies products and
    services to tourists.
  • The Tourism Industry is defined as individuals,
    businesses organizations that are working to
    provide product services (including
    information) to tourists.
  • They include those that work in
    transportation, lodging, entertainment and food
    beverage.

12
China tourism industry
  • Since 1986 tourism in China has been regarded as
    a significant industry for the national economy.
  • In the year 1986, China placed the tourist
    industry into the national plan for social and
    economic development for the first time.
  • There is growing acceptance of travel and tourism
    as an industry or sector of economy which
    includes accommodation, travel agents and tour
    operators (the travel trade), intercity passenger
    transport enterprises, government agencies
    responsible for tourism programs and tourism
    facilities, and major elements of other
    businesses in the food service, entertainment,
    and recreational fields.

13
Visitor
  • Visitor
  • Tourist
  • Excursionist
  • A visitor is defined as 'any person traveling to
    a place other than that of his/her usual
    environment for less than twelve months and whose
    main purpose of trip is other than the exercise
    of an activity remunerated from within the place
    visited'.

14
Tourist and Excursionist
  • Tourist temporary visitor staying at least 24
    hours in the country visited and the purpose of
    whose journey can be classified under one of the
    following headings.
  • a).leisure (creation, holiday, health, study,
    religion, and sports)
  • b).business, family, mission, meeting.
  • Excursionist temporary visitor staying less than
    24 hours in the country visited (including
    travelers on cruises).
  • Also called Day Tourist or Day Excursionist.

15
Classification of Travelers
(1) Tourists in international technical
definitions. (2) Excursionists in international
technical definitions. (3) Travelers whose trips
are shorter than those that qualify for travel
and tourism e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from
home. (4) Students traveling between home and
school only -- other travel of students is within
scope of travel and tourism. (5) All persons
moving to a new place of residence including all
one-way travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants,
refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.
16
Relationship among tourism, tourism industry,
and tourist
  • Tourism economic dimension
  • Tourism

Supply side ---- tourism industry
Demand side ---- tourists
17
SYSTEM APPROACH
  • General system theory was defined by a biologist,
    Ludwig von Bertalanffy, as
  • A set of elements standing in interrelation
    among themselves and with the environments.
  • Tourism system consists of several interrelated
    parts working together to achieve common purposes.

18
The reasons for using a systems approach for
study of tourism
  • To emphasize the interdependency in tourism the
    tourism system is like a spiders web touch one
    part are felt throughout the system.
  • For a student beginning to study tourism, it is
    important to get the bigger picture right away.
    The tourism system model framework provides a
    more comprehensive view of tourism it captures
    the big picture.

19
The reasons for using a systems approach
  • The second reason is because of the open system
    nature of tourism.
  • Tourism system is dynamic and constantly
    changing. New concepts are always arriving in
    tourism, such as ecotourism, TSA.
  • The third reason is the complexity and variety in
    all aspect of tourism.
  • For example, there are thousands of
    specialized tours and packages available for
    travelers today.

20
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21
The Tourism System Model
  • Part I Destination Planning, developing, and
    controlling tourism
  • Link 1 The tourism product
  • Part II Marketing Strategy, planning,
    promotion, and distribution
  • Link 2 The promotion of travel
  • Part III Demand The factors influencing the
    market
  • Link 3 The travel purchase
  • Part IV Travel The characteristics of travel
  • Link 4 The shape of travel

22
Travel and tourism systems
  • Tourism process developed by Chau (1977).
  • He described the tourist as the demand, the
    travel industry as the supply, and attractions as
    the tourist product and summarized the
    interrelate process as the subject, means, and
    objective of tourism.
  • Gunn in his book, tourism planning (1979),
    referred to a tourism fundamental system
    involving five components tourist,
    transportation, attractions, services-facilities,
    and information-direction.
  • Leiper(1979) involved five basic elements in his
    system tourists, generating regions, transit
    routes, destination regions, and a tourist
    industry operating within physical, cultural,
    social, economic, political, and technological
    environments.

23
The end!
  • Questions?
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