Title: Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts
1- Chapter 2 Tourism Concepts
Tourism System
2Learning Objectives
- To identify important terminologies.
- To explain why economists dont think of tourism
as being an industry. - To explain the reasons for using a systems
approach for tourism. - To describe the parts of The Tourism System the
Tourism System model.
3Contents
- Some fundamental concepts
- Tourism
- Tourism Industry
- Visitor, tourist, excursionist
- Why use a system approach
- The parts of Tourism System Model
4FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTSWhat is Tourism
- There is no single definition of tourism that is
universally accepted. - WTO , Madrid, Spain, is a specialized agency of
the United Nations. - The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as
- Activities of persons traveling to and staying
in places outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within
the place visited.
5Branches of tourism
- Inbound international tourism visits to a
country by nonresidents of that country. - Outbound international tourism visits by the
residents of a country to other countries. - Domestic tourism visits by residents within
their own country. - Internal tourism domestic inbound
international - Visits by residents and non-residents within
a country. - National tourism domestic outbound
international - Visits by the residents of a country within
their own country and to other countries. - E.g.. China Inbound-domestic-outbound
6AIEST definition
- AIEST stands for International Association of
Scientific Experts in Tourism. - Hunziker and Krapf, in 1942, defined tourism as
"the totality of the relationship and phenomenon
arising from the travel and stay of strangers,
provided that the stay does not imply the
establishment of a permanent residence and is not
connected with a remunerative activities". - Above definition was then accepted by AIEST as
below - Tourism is the sum of phenomena and
relationships arising from travel and stay of non
residents in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected with
any earning activity. - This definition is widely accepted in China.
7Tourism course Disciplines inputs to the
tourism field
Psychology
Geography
8Underlying themes
9What is an Industry
- Well (1989) defines an industry as
- a number of firms that produce similar goods
and services and therefore are in competition
with one another. -
- For instance, the steel industry is defined by
the steel products they produce. -
10How about tourism industry?
- Many businesses and other types of tourism
organizations offer complementary rather than
competing products and services. - An airline, hotel, restaurant, travel agency,
and attraction do not compete with each other.
They complement each other and combine to offer
visitors a satisfying vacation or business trip. - The input and output can not be clearly
identified. - Besides there is no single industry code for
tourism under the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS) - Macroeconomists point out that the recognition of
tourism as an industry can lead to double
counting because standard industry
classifications fully account for all elements of
the economy without finding it necessary or
appropriate to recognize tourism.
11Tourism industry
- Unlike other industries that are defined by the
products and services they produce (the supply
side), the tourism industry is defined from a
demand side perspective. - A tourism industry supplies products and
services to tourists. - The Tourism Industry is defined as individuals,
businesses organizations that are working to
provide product services (including
information) to tourists. - They include those that work in
transportation, lodging, entertainment and food
beverage.
12China tourism industry
- Since 1986 tourism in China has been regarded as
a significant industry for the national economy.
- In the year 1986, China placed the tourist
industry into the national plan for social and
economic development for the first time. - There is growing acceptance of travel and tourism
as an industry or sector of economy which
includes accommodation, travel agents and tour
operators (the travel trade), intercity passenger
transport enterprises, government agencies
responsible for tourism programs and tourism
facilities, and major elements of other
businesses in the food service, entertainment,
and recreational fields.
13Visitor
- Visitor
- Tourist
- Excursionist
- A visitor is defined as 'any person traveling to
a place other than that of his/her usual
environment for less than twelve months and whose
main purpose of trip is other than the exercise
of an activity remunerated from within the place
visited'.
14Tourist and Excursionist
- Tourist temporary visitor staying at least 24
hours in the country visited and the purpose of
whose journey can be classified under one of the
following headings. - a).leisure (creation, holiday, health, study,
religion, and sports) - b).business, family, mission, meeting.
- Excursionist temporary visitor staying less than
24 hours in the country visited (including
travelers on cruises). - Also called Day Tourist or Day Excursionist.
15Classification of Travelers
(1) Tourists in international technical
definitions. (2) Excursionists in international
technical definitions. (3) Travelers whose trips
are shorter than those that qualify for travel
and tourism e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) from
home. (4) Students traveling between home and
school only -- other travel of students is within
scope of travel and tourism. (5) All persons
moving to a new place of residence including all
one-way travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants,
refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.
16Relationship among tourism, tourism industry,
and tourist
- Tourism economic dimension
-
- Tourism
Supply side ---- tourism industry
Demand side ---- tourists
17SYSTEM APPROACH
- General system theory was defined by a biologist,
Ludwig von Bertalanffy, as - A set of elements standing in interrelation
among themselves and with the environments. - Tourism system consists of several interrelated
parts working together to achieve common purposes.
18The reasons for using a systems approach for
study of tourism
- To emphasize the interdependency in tourism the
tourism system is like a spiders web touch one
part are felt throughout the system. - For a student beginning to study tourism, it is
important to get the bigger picture right away.
The tourism system model framework provides a
more comprehensive view of tourism it captures
the big picture.
19The reasons for using a systems approach
- The second reason is because of the open system
nature of tourism. - Tourism system is dynamic and constantly
changing. New concepts are always arriving in
tourism, such as ecotourism, TSA. - The third reason is the complexity and variety in
all aspect of tourism. - For example, there are thousands of
specialized tours and packages available for
travelers today.
20(No Transcript)
21The Tourism System Model
- Part I Destination Planning, developing, and
controlling tourism - Link 1 The tourism product
- Part II Marketing Strategy, planning,
promotion, and distribution - Link 2 The promotion of travel
- Part III Demand The factors influencing the
market - Link 3 The travel purchase
- Part IV Travel The characteristics of travel
- Link 4 The shape of travel
22Travel and tourism systems
- Tourism process developed by Chau (1977).
- He described the tourist as the demand, the
travel industry as the supply, and attractions as
the tourist product and summarized the
interrelate process as the subject, means, and
objective of tourism. - Gunn in his book, tourism planning (1979),
referred to a tourism fundamental system
involving five components tourist,
transportation, attractions, services-facilities,
and information-direction. - Leiper(1979) involved five basic elements in his
system tourists, generating regions, transit
routes, destination regions, and a tourist
industry operating within physical, cultural,
social, economic, political, and technological
environments.
23The end!