Do Now

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Do Now

• Complete ME ½

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Motivation
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Motivation

• A need or desire that energizes and directs
  behavior.
• Factors within and outside an organism that cause
  it to behave a certain way at a certain time

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Psychology and Motivation

• Motivation connects observable behavior to
  internal states.
• Motivation accounts for variability in behavior.
• Motivation explains perseverance despite
  adversity.
• Motives relate biology to behavior.

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Four Perspectives of Motivation

• Instinct Theory
• Drive-reduction Theory (push and pull)
• Arousal Theory
• Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

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Types of Motivation

• Drive motivation with a strong biological
  component and plays a large role in survival or
  reproduction.
• Eating, drinking, sexual behaviors
• Motive urges that are mainly learned.
• Video games, money

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Motives can be biological or learned

• Primary motives biological
• Stimulus curiosity, stimulation
• Secondary learned behavior

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Types of Motivation

• Intrinsic Motivation comes from within the
  individual
• Absence of external reward
• Extrinsic Motivation comes from outside the
  person.
• Behavior aimed at external rewards money,
  grades, praise

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Types of motivation

• Conscious motivation having a desire to engage
  in an activity and being aware of the desire.
• Unconscious motivation having a desire to
  engage in an activity but being consciously
  unaware of the desire.
• Freud psychoanalytic theory

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Theories of Motivation

• Group Skits
• Fill in the chart will be checked

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Instinct Theory

• Emerging in the late 1800s (Darwin), contended
  that certain human behaviors are innate and due
  to evolutionary programming
• Explains some animal
• behaviors
• Explains some human
• behaviors

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William James Principles of Psychology
Functionalist William James wrote in in his 1890
book that humans have more instincts than any
other mammal
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Instinct - problems

• Instinct maternal instincts, killer instinct,
  the athlete who instinctively catches the ball.
• To qualify as an instinct, a behavior must have a
  fixed pattern throughout a species and be
  unlearned.
• Example bird migration, salmon expeditions
• Instinct theories merely describe and label
  behaviors rather than actually explaining them.

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Drive Reduction Theory

• Physiological needs creates an aroused state that
  drives the organism to reduce the need.
• Need motivated state caused by a physiological
  deficit
• Drive state of physiological tension induced by
  a need

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Drive-Reduction Theory

• The physiological aim of drive reduction is
  homeostasis the maintenance of a steady
  internal state.
• Examples body regulation system

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Homeostasis

• A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant
  internal state
• The regulation of any aspect of body chemistry,
  such as blood glucose, around a particular level
• Any change in levels, up or down, results in
  being motivated to bring the level back to normal.

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Homeostatic RegulationAn Example
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Homeostatic Regulation
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Any Problems?

• When homeostasis is disrupted, motivation to
  restore it drives the behavior.
• Why do people sometimes eat when they are not
  hungry?
• How about the motivation to buy a lottery ticket
  or run a marathon?

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Drive-Reduction Theory

• We are not only pushed by our needs but.

Pulled by our incentives a positive or negative
environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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Incentive Theories

• Behavior motivated by the pull of external
  goals, such as rewards, money and recognition.
• Drew heavily from well-established learning
  principles, such as reinforcement, and the work
  of learning theorists, such as Pavlov, Watson,
  Skinner, and Tolman.
• Tolman also stressed the importance of cognitive
  factors in learning and motivation, especially
  the expectation that a particular behavior will
  lead to a particular goal.
• Fails to explain behaviors that are not primarily
  motivated by any kind of external incentive

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Drives and Incentives

• When there is a drive and an incentive, we feel
  strongly driven.
• Example the food-deprived person who smells
  baking bread feels a strong hunger drive.
• In the presence of that drive, the baking bread
  becomes a compelling incentive.
• For each motive, ask
• How is it pushed by our drives and pulled by
  incentives?

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Arousal Theories

• Levels of alertness and responsiveness
• People are motivated to maintain an optimum level
  of arousalneither too high nor too low
• Curiosity motivehelps us understand our
  environment

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Inverted U Function
At very low levels of arousal, youre not
sufficiently energized to perform well. At very
high levels of arousal, your overwhelmed and
panicked.
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Yerkes-Dodson Law
Ideal level of arousal depends on the complexity
of the task!! If a task if relatively simple, it
is best for arousal to be high. If a task is
more complex, your best performance will occur at
lower levels of arousal.
Ex test anxiety, sprinter,
basketball free-throw
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Sensation Seekers

• Trait of people who prefer high levels of
  stimulation.
• Based on how well your body responds to new,
  unusual, or intense stimulation.
• High Seekers bold, independent, value change
• Low Seekers orderly, giving, enjoy the company
  of others
• ME HW Assignment Fill out now