Using

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Using Integrating Sources in Academic Writing

• Shadia FahimProfessor of English

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• Writing well means engaging the voices of
  others and letting them in turn engage us (Graff
  and Birkenstein IX).
• In a RESEARCH PAPER, citing and integrating
  sources effectively is extremely important.

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WHY?

• The number of tourists has increased considerably
  in the last year.
• The number of tourists has increased by 10 since
  last year, according to the most recent
  government report on the economy (Government
  Statistics 2002).

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Why search and integrate sources?

• Gives evidence, support and material to argue
  with/against
• Gives credibility to your work
• Shows your effort in research and makes your
  paper look academic and more resourceful
• Allows readers to know where to find information
  on your topic you become a reference
• Proper citation of sources will help you avoid
  plagiarism, which is a serious offense
• Enable you to score more part of the marking
  criteria

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Three Ways of Integrating Sources

• Summarizing,
• Paraphrasing,
• Quoting.
• They all need to be cited

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When to Summarise, Paraphrase and Quote ?

• Summary and Paraphrase

• Quotation

• Summarise and paraphrase more often in your
  research paper
• Use direct quotes sparingly Most people who
  begin researched writing quote far too much. It
  is tempting to quote too much from experts

• You may need to use direct quotes for the
  following good reasons
• When you want to define a term or theory
• When the language is especially effective or
  striking specific terms or expressions used by
  the writer
• When information is technical and expertise is
  necessary.

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Dos and Don'ts For Quotation ?

• Dos

• Donts

• Quote to present an idea or position to critique,
  comment upon or agree/disagree with (this
  position should be one that cannot be easily
  stated through paraphrasing)

• You do not need to quote or cite information that
  is common knowledge
• The earth revolves around the sun.
• Eleventh of September had a great impact on the
  whole world

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Continued

• Dos

• Donts

• Because quotations involve someone elses words,
  you need to use lead in phrases to integrate the
  quote into your paragraph.
• Always make sure you provide an analysis of the
  quote.

• Do not allow quotes to speak for themselves.
• Do not use quotes as fillers.
• Do not assume the reader understands the
  significance of a quote, or its connection to
  your thesis or topic sentence.

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Use Quotations Effectively

• A dropped quotation
• California law prevents the killing of mountain
  lions except for specific lions that have been
  proved to be a threat to humans or livestock.
  Fish and Game is even blocked from keeping
  mountain lions from killing the endangered desert
  bighorn sheep (Perry B4).

• Using a signal verb or phrase
• California law prevents the killing of mountain
  lions except for specific lions that have been
  proved to be a threat to humans or livestock.
  Tony Perry points out that, ironically, Fish and
  Game is even blocked from keeping mountain lions
  from killing the endangered desert bighorn sheep
  (B4).

A signal verb
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Consider the following Example

• Some of the research currently being conducted at
  Rockefeller could lead to advances in the fight
  against heart ailments, Parkinson's disease,
  tuberculosis and other afflictions. Veterinarian
  Karen Sokol asserts, We're trying to make animal
  life, human life and plant life better, and
  unfortunately animal-based research is all we
  have now (Sokol 2001) . But this opinion is not
  shared by everyone. A small, but growing minority
  of Americans believe that using animals to meet
  even the most pressing human needs is cruel and
  unnecessary. On a moral level it's all
  unacceptable because you can't justify gain based
  on exploitation, says Ingrid Newkirk, co-founder
  of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
  (PETA).

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What do you notice?

• The writer introduces both sides, each with
  lead-in/signal phrase.
• The writer integrates the quotes by making an
  observation which connects them
• The authors and dates are clearly indicated
  either in the sentence or in the in-text
  citation. This leads the reader to get the full
  details in the Works Cited page.

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Consider the following

• According to the United Nations Human Development
  Report 2002, The number of wars between
  countries has dropped considerably But civil
  conflicts are more damaging than ever. In the
  1990s about 3.6 million people died in wars
  within states, and the number of refugees and
  internally displaced persons increased 50.
  Fighting between and within states also causes
  massive refugee flows and displaces populations.
  At the end of 2000 more than 12 million were
  refugees.

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What do you notice?

• The writer quotes information he could easily
  paraphrase. There is no special wording, and the
  information is not so technical he could not
  rephrase it.
• Instead of integrating his sources into his own
  writing, quotes are back to back (NEVER EVER do
  this!)
• Its good that we know where the first quote
  comes from, but there is no clear position or
  analysis on the part of the writer.
• Knowing when to quote the experts and how to
  integrate their ideas in your paper establishes
  your role as an authoritative writer

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Bringing it all together weak and strong use of
evidence

• In order to use evidence effectively, you need to
  integrate it smoothly into your paragraph by
  following this pattern
• State your claim (topic sentence)
• Give your evidence (quote, summarise or
  paraphrase from source remembering to have a
  lead-in phrase).
• Comment on the evidence to show how it supports
  the claim.

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Essentials of Every Paragraph

• State it
• Support it
• Explain it
• REMEMBER Explaining/Discussing your evidences
  significance develops and expands a paper!

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Use lead-in/or signal phrases

• Choose your lead-in verb carefully
• If you want to express a neutral opinion, try
  using these verbs writes, says, states,
  observes, suggests, remarks, etc. Lead-in
  verb
• Exp In her book on Venezuela, Maggie Cunniff
  suggests that Chavez Frias will adopt a
  political, rather than economic solution to his
  countrys ills (50).

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Continued

• If you want to Express a positive attitude, try
  use these verbs propose, demonstrate, contends,
  etc. Lead-in
  verb
• Exp Gardner (1994) demonstrates that what turns
  good teaching material into good learning
  material is what teachers do with it.

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Continued

• If you want to convey negative attitude, try
  using verbs such as protests, claims, argue,
  etc.
  Lead-in verb
• Exp Gardner (1994) claims that what turns good
  teaching material into good learning material is
  what teachers do with it.

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Which of the following texts integrate sources
smoothly and effectively?
The quotation is dropped into the paragraph
without any connection between the claim and the
quotation

• Text A
• Today, we are too self-centered. We are
  consumers-on-the-runthe very notion of the
  family meal as a sit-down occasion is vanishing.
  Adults and children alike eaton the way to their
  next activity (Gleick 148). Everything is about
  what we want.

The quotation significance is not discussed which
makes it difficult for the reader to see the
relationship between the evidence and the
writers view
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Continued
It acknowledges the relevant details
It has a lead-in phrase

• Text B
• Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our
  families don't matter as much anymore as they
  once did. Other people and activities take
  precedence, as James Gleick says in his book,
  Faster, We are consumers-on-the-runthe very
  notion of the family meal as a sit-down occasion
  is vanishing. Adults and children alike eaton
  the way to their next activity (148). Sit-down
  meals are a time to share and connect with
  others however, that connection has become less
  valued, as families begin to prize individual
  activities over shared time, promoting
  self-centeredness over group identity.

The student discusses and comments upon the
quotation immediately afterwards, which allows
the reader to see the relationship between the
quotation and the writers point.
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Thank you!
Questions?
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Interactive Activities

• http//www.victoria.ac.nz/llc/academic-writing
  /sources1.html
• http//wps.pearsoned.ca/ca_ab_aaron_lbeh_3/68/17
  436/4463736.cw/index.html

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Works Cited

• Armstrong, Nancy.  "Imperialist Nostalgia and
  Wuthering Heights."  Wuthering Heights (Case
  Studies in Contemporary Criticism).  Ed. Linda H.
  Peterson.  1847.  Boston Bedford/St. Martin's,
  2003.  430-450.
• Carroll, J. (November, 2004).
  Plagiarism Is there a virtual solution? Teaching
  News. November. http//www.brookes.ac.uk/services/
  ocsd/2_learntch/plagiarism.html
• Hacker, Diana. Rules for Writers. 6th edition.
  Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2008.
• Look in Rules for Writers, page 419, for more
  information on integrating sources.
• Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great
  American Cities.  1961.  New York The Modern
  Library, 1993.
• Masci, David. "Fighting Over Animal Rights." CQ
  Researcher 6.29 (1996) 673-696. CQ Researcher
  Online. CQ Press. Brandel Library, Chicago, IL.
  18 Feb. 2009 lthttp//library.cqpress.com/cqresearc
  her/cqresrre1996080200gt.Tindall, George Brown,
  and David Emory Shi.  America A Narrative
  History.  5th edition.  New York W.W. Norton and
  Company, 1984.Weeks, Jennifer. "Regulating
  Toxic Chemicals." CQ Researcher 19.3 (2009)
  49-72. CQ Researcher Online. CQ Press. Brandel
  Library, Chicago, IL. 18 Feb. 2009
  lthttp//library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2
  009012300gt.