Memory

1
Memory

• Information processing
• The Atkinson and Shiffrin model
• Encoding, storage, and retrieval

2
Memory as information processing

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval

3
Atkinson and Shiffrins model

• Sensory memory
• Short-term or working memory
• Long-term memory

4
Phenomena of memory

• Flashbulb memories
• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
• Organization of memory
• Sound
• Letter
• Meaning
• Recall vs. recognition
• 90 recognition of 2500 slides (Haber, 1970)

5
Recall vs. recognition

• Grouchy Gabby Puffy
• Fearful Sleepy Dumpy
• Smiley Jumpy Sneezy
• Hopeful Shy Lazy
• Droopy Dopey Pop
• Sniffy Wishful Grumpy
• Bashful Cheerful Teach
• Shorty Nifty Happy
• Doc Wheezy Stubby

6
The real seven dwarfs

• Sleepy
• Dopey
• Grumpy
• Sneezy
• Happy
• Doc
• Bashful

7
Transient memories

• Sensory memory
• Visual sensory memory the iconic store
• Auditory sensory memory the echoic store
• Sperling (1960) and visual sensory memory
• Ready to participate in Sperlings study?

8

• S R J V
• M Q D T
• F W H N

9
Sperlings test phase

• high

10
Sperlings test phase

• medium

11
Sperlings test phase

• low

12
Sperlings experimental condition

• Ready?

13

• G M Q B
• Z N K R
• P L T X

14
.

• Sperlings results
• Iconic store is transient, decaying to less than
  50 of peak performance within one second.
  
• All items in the array are placed in the iconic
  store.

15
Auditory sensory memory

• Several studies have shown analogous results in
  auditory memory.
  
• Echoic store studies often use dichotic
  listening.
  
• Echoic memory disappears by 5 seconds.
• The suffix effect Conrad (1960) and Crowder and
  Morton (1969) zero
  
• Is the suffix effect like real backmasking?

16
The suffix effect

• I am going to say some numbers. At some point, I
  will say the number zero. When you hear me say
  zero, ignore the zero and say the numbers that
  preceded it.
• The suffix effect disappears if you use
  non-language sounds, like buzzers or musical
  notes, so it is not just a delay effect.
  
• When you hear the tone, ignore it and say the
  numbers that preceded it.

17
Encoding

• Information in sensory stores is lost unless it
  is encoded, or processed into long term memory.
  
• Does encoding occur in a special Short Term
  memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin model) or in
  rehearsal systems?

18
An encoding task
x z r j f
.
g h a d f
.
J O N A H
.
L Q P D N
.
19
Short-term memory

• Attention
• Primacy and recency effects
• Limits of working memory
• Phonological working memory
• Visual working memory

20
Forming Long-term memories

• Shallow vs. deep processing
• Effortful vs. automatic processing

21
Long-term memory

• Massed vs. spaced practice Consolidation
• Method of loci
• Peg-word method
• Narrative stories
• Episodic and semantic memory
• Explicit and implicit memory

22
Organization in memory

• Episodic and semantic memory
• Form vs. meaning
• Explicit or declarative memory
• Implicit or procedural memory

23
Retrieval and forgetting

• Recall vs. recognition
• Amnesia
• Retrograde
• Anterograde
• Dissociative
• Interference
• Retroactive
• Proactive