Topics in reproduction

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Topics in reproduction development

• Heres what were gonna do
• Write down any questions you have. Dont need
  names, well collect it at the end of class

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Table of contents

• Human Pappillomavirus and cervical/penile cancers
• Impotence, prostatitis and prostate cancer
• If two sexes are such a good idea then why not
  have more?
• SRY gene
• Mifepristone
• Spontaneous abortions Down Syndrome
• Folic acid deficiency brain defects
• Risks to young mothers
• Thalidomide
• Cloning
• Newborn organ donor ethics

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HPV

• A group of about 100 strains of virus
• Some cause warts
• Others alter nuclei in cervix
• Almost all cases of cervical cancer had HPV first
• Strains 16 18 cause 70
• Mercks got a vaccine out, marketed towards
  females 9-26
• Have to take it before infection

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From medicinenet.com

• Some types of HPV youll have for life
• Some youll never know
• HPV most common STD in US
• 20 mil have it,
• 5.5 mil new cases a year, thats 10/min

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Cervical cancer

• 2006 10,000 U.S. women diagnosed
• 4,000 will die from it.
• Regular pap smears needed to catch it
  pre-malignantly
• Just getting a sample of cervical cells
• Trivia pap in pap smear and pap in papillomavirus
  dont have anything to do with each other.

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Impotence (erectile dysfunction) (Brewers Droop)

• Physical or psychological causes erections
• Touch or the limbic system
• Nitric oxide a vasodilator is secreted
• Physical or psychological things take them away
• Diabetes can cause it
• Psychologically theres a strong placebo effect
• Ever had a wet dream? Your brain is in control

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• You go to the doctor and report this.
• Theyll get blood tests to make sure theres no
  underlying disease causing it.
• Also your general health, diet, weight, and heart
  contribute
• They see if you ever have erections
• As opposed to sometimes
• 5 or 6 happen during R.E.M. sleep

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• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  are a class of antidepressants used in the
  treatment of depression, anxiety disorders and
  some personality disorders.
• Zoloft, prozac, paxil
• Some of these can cause E.D. some for months
  after youre off of them

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Does circumcision lead to an increased risk of
E.D.?

• People argue this both ways
• However everyone agree excessive drinking is a
  cause.
• Also cycling can increase risk

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(cGMP) is your friend for relaxing

• Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
• Note relation to ATP, ADP, or AMP
• relaxes smooth muscle.
• leads to vasodilation and increased blood flow.
• When it breaks down blood flow decreases
• Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) do this

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Viagra

• Viagra inhibits PDEs so cGMPs stay around
  increasing blood flow
• Also making some people very very rich

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Herbal Supplements

• Enzyte
• Weak evidence for this supplement, and is
  currently in Big Lawsuits for false advertising
• Korean Red Ginseng
• Theres a double blind study showing that this is
  better than a placebo. Thats 1 study

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Why muck about with blood vessels?

• Lets get right to the libido in the CNS
• Lets mess with your brain
• Bremelanotide is a nasal spray
• A synthetic aphrodisiac
• This is how close it is to being released
• Phase 3 trials starts in 2007
• RICH RICH PEOPLE

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Word of the Day Priapism

• From ancient god Priapus, fertility god
• Painful medical condition where an painful
  erection does not painfully go away for a long
  painful time.
• Dont mess around with your bodies homeostasis

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What gets us into this situation in the first
place?

• Our SRY gene
• Its one of the few things that the Y chromosome
  is good for
• There are other more important sex determining
  genes in mammals
• If you have this gene youre going to be male, no
  matter what else youve got
• Mr. T is 120 man
• 5 gold
• 3 pity

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SRY and olympics

• In 1992 olympics they ruled that anyone with an
  SRY gene cant compete as a woman, but has since
  been eliminated
• XXY or XXYY humans exist usually as males
• XXY females exist, with no SRY gene

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Tough Question

• Suppose that during meiosis in a man, the SRY of
  his Y chromosome crossed over and rejoined to his
  X chromosome. What would be the consequences to
  his sons and daughters?

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Big answer

• His XX children will appear to be boys and his XY
  children will appear to be girls.

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• Before the advent of antibiotics, how would
  societys view of syphilis have been similar to
  todays view of HIV?
• Both infections most often exist without symptoms
  for a long time. Most STDs also have several
  features in common, according to Saladin an
  incubation period, a communicable period, and
  certain asymptomatic carriers. (Clinical
  application 27.5 on p. 1043) Some students may
  also know that syphilis, like HIV, for most of
  our history was incurable.

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• If the cilia of the uterine tubes were to reverse
  the direction towards which they beat and the
  muscles of the tubes were also to reverse
  directions, what might the consequences be?
• It would be much more difficult for the ova to
  pass down the tubes and into the uterus. On the
  other hand, the sperm would have an easier time
  going up the uterine tubes. (p. 1052) Those eggs
  that were fertilized would most likely implant in
  the tubes, an ectopic pregnancy, or in the
  abdominal cavity, an abdominal pregnancy. (Table
  28.5) Many eggs would fall into the abdominal
  cavity and die (p. 1066).

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• Sally started training seriously to participate
  in the 10,000 meter run for the summer Olympics.
  After a few months of training, she noticed that
  she stopped menstruating. What is the probable
  cause of this failure?
• Sally probably trained to such an extent that she
  lost a lot of body fat, dropping below 22 fat.
  Since this makes it difficult for a woman to
  maintain a fetus and to milk production.
  Therefore, her body acted to prevent pregnancy so
  her menstruation also stopped

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Case 06 A day in the histopathology lab

• Breast cancer is cancer of breast tissue.
• Worldwide, it is the most common form of cancer
  in females, affecting approximately one out of
  eleven to twelve women at some stage of their
  life in the Western world.
• Risk factors age, genes, alcohol, hormones
• Men can get it but it is rare
• Less breast tissue, also hormonal differences

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• What finding suggests Ms. Bennetts tumor is
  benign?
• Circular shape and surrounding of dense fibrous
  connective tissue containing it.

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• Fibroadenoma Common benign breast tumor
  appearing before age 30

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• Why might Ms. Malcoms doctor recommend a biopsy
  of the axillary lymph nodes?
• Since malignant cancer cells break off of the
  tumor and spread throughout the blood stream
  checking the lymph nodes will determine if the
  cancer has spread there.

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• Why would the mitotic index be relevant to a
  diagnosis of breast cancer?
• The mitotic index is a ratio between the number
  of cells in mitosis and the total number of
  cells.
• The closer to 1 the index is then the more cells
  are undergoing mitosis.
• Cellomics makes kits to detect this with
  fluoroscopy.

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MRI Showing Malignant Breast Cancer
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• Tamoxifen blocks estrogen receptors so that
  estrogen cannot bind to them. How could
  tamoxifen help in the treatment of certain forms
  of breast cancer?
• Estrogen promotes the growth (mitosis) of breast
  cancer cells. If breast cells cant receive the
  signal for estrogen then it should reduce
  mitosis. Tamoxifen is the worlds largest
  selling breast cancer treatment. sold under the
  brand names Nolvadex, Istubal, and Valodex.
  Tamoxifen is sometimes used to treat gynecomastia
  in men.
• Photomicrograph of Tamoxifen ?
• http//www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID181

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• The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel
  Project (NSABP) is a clinical trials cooperative
  group supported by the National Cancer Institute
  (NCI).
• Based in Pittsburgh
• NSABP is undertaking a Study of Tamoxifen and
  Raloxifene (STAR). To see if Raloxifene which is
  used to treat osteoporosis could be as effective
  as Tamoxifen. Its using 19,000 volunteers at 400
  sites around the country.
• Interestingly side effects of Tamoxifen include
  increased chance of uterine cancer and blood
  clots in the lungs.

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• Considering that X rays are known to induce
  mutations and that mutations cause cancer, why
  are women in their 40s and beyond advised to have
  routine mammograms?
• Its the widest and most easily available form
  with the highest success rate. Ultrasound,
  Ductography, and Magnetic Resonance are adjuncts
  to mammography. The National Cancer Institute,
  the American Cancer Society, and the American
  College of Radiology
• Despite continuous improvements and innovations,
  mammography has garnered a sizable opposition in
  the medical community because of an error rate
  that is still high and the amount of harmful
  radiation used in the procedure. Mammography has
  a false-negative (missed cancer) rate of at least
  10 percent. This is partly due to dense tissues
  obscuring the cancer and the fact that the
  appearance of cancer on mammograms has a large
  overlap with the appearance of normal tissues.

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Died from Breast Cancer

• Carina Bleeth, Mother of Yasmine Bleeth
• Rachael Carson, Pittsburgh Environmentalist went
  to Catham, author of Silent Spring
• Madonnas Mother Died when Madonna was 6
• Hitlers Mother
• Nas Mother
• Clintons Mother
• Paul McCartneys Mother and Wife
• Bernie Macs Mom
• Condie Rices Mom

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Fighting/Surviving with Breast Cancer

• Andre Agassis Mom and Sister
• Baldwin Brothers Mother
• Brigette Bardot
• Shirley Temple
• Sheryl Crow
• Melissa Etheridge
• Betty Ford
• Nicole Kidmans Mom
• Kylie Minogue
• Sandra Day O'Connor
• Nancy Reagan
• Richard Roundtree

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Is there female sexual dysfunction?

• Female sexual arousal disorder decreased,
  insufficient, or absent lubrication in females
  during sex, even despite normal sexual arousal
• More psychological usually
• Lifelong versus Acquired, Generalized versus
  Situational,
• Childhood impact, relationship impacts, Stress,
  fatigue
• Physical causes vary, diabetes sometimes.

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What if youre XY and your SRY gene is mutated

• There are XY women.
• It varies but some cant have kids

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Turners Klinefelters