Female

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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System Includes Ovaries and
associated tubular organs Tubular organs
Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external
genitalia Human female organs fully developed
functional for about 30 years
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The Ovary Ovoid structure attached to broad
ligament by mesovarium Mesovarium a mesentery,
attaches to hilus Cytogenic exocrine gland 1.5
inches long (35 mm.) Covered with germinal
epithelium specialized part of peritoneum
cuboidal epithelium basement membrane (?) Cortex
(outer layer) and Medulla (inner core)
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Medulla Core of Loose Fibro-elastic
Tissue Abundant blood vessels enter at
hilus Medullary stroma scattered strands of
smooth muscle More toward hilus Enlarging
follicles of cortex intrude monthly
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Cortex Compact layer interrupted at
hilus Stroma of cortex is dense C.T. of stroma
much like embryonic C.T. Rich in cells spindle
shaped with elongated nuclei Cells have
greater potentiality than ordinary
fibroblasts Poor in fibers thin, reticular
threads, form network Tunica albuginea zone
beneath germinal epithelium Less cellular, less
vascular, more compact than general
stroma Specializes around follicles (distinct
layers thecae)
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Contains eggs in follicles (various stages of
development) Other elements Corpora lutea
Corpora albicans atretic follicles Ova egg
cells large, spherical Immature ova (oogonia)
20 µ across Volume increase 6 times this size
volume increases 200 times Nucleus large,
vesicular Nucleolus very prominent Cytoplasm
opaque granular As ova matures ? thick tough
refractile membrane forms Zona Pellucida
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Follicular Growth Maturation of the
Egg Sequence of events Primary Follicle
(1) Growing, Solid Follicle (2) Growing,
Vesicular Follicle (3) Mature Follicle (Graafian
Follicle) (4)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
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(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
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Primary Follicle 200,000 in fetal
ovary Numbers decrease with age age 50 none
left Enclosed in single layer of cells (follicle
cells) Primary follicles measure 30 40 µ across
Egg cytoplasm
Egg nucleus
Follicle cells
Nucleolus
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Growing, Solid Follicle Ovum increases in
size Follicle increases in size (cells 1st
cuboidal then columnar then stratified) Zona
Pellucida forms Yolk granules appear in cytoplasm
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Solid, Growing Follicle Arrows point to Zona
Pellucida
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Solid, Growing Follicle Theca granulosum Note
adjacent stroma organizing will later form double
layered investment Theca interna Theca externa
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Growing, Vesicular Follicle Follicular cells
secrete fluid (liquor folliculi) 1st series of
fluid filled spaces appear in Z. granulosum 2nd
spaces begin to coalesce 3rd a single large
fluid filled space (antrum) remains when follicle
is mature Adjacent stroma (outside Z. granulosum)
organizes into two layers Theca interna Theca
externa
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Mature Follicle (Graafian Follicle) Vesicular
follicles occur only in mammals Mature follicle
completed in 10 to 14 days Ovum remains
surrounded by granulosa cells forms a mound
projecting into antrum ( cumulus
oophorus) Stroma between growing follicle and
ovarian surface thins (slight bulge on surface of
ovary) also indents medulla
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Ovulation followed by formation of Corpus
Luteum Collapsed follicle prominent folds
heals Transforms ? temporary endocrine
gland Corpus luteum of ovulation Corpus
luteum of pregnancy S. granulosum cells
transform (structure function) Enlarge ?
granulosa lutein cells Arranged in cords T.
interna cells produce epitheliod elements theca
lutein cells -- Less cytoplasm, smaller invade
main mass capillaries also invade main
mass Corpus luteum ovulation greatest extent at
9 days then begins to involute
Structurally the same Difference length of
existence
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T. interna cells produce epitheliod elements
theca lutein cells -- Less cytoplasm, smaller
invade main mass capillaries also invade main
mass Corpus luteum ovulation greatest extent at
9 days then begins to involute
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Corpus luteum of pregnancy large result of
continued growth Maximum size 2 3 cm. (2nd
month) Then promptly slowly reduces Final
decline after pregnancy Leaves a scar
Corpus albicans Atretic follicle those that
cease development If vescular at time atresia
begins filled in with stromal tissue
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Was a vesicular follicle
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The Uterine Tube (Oviduct, Fallopian Tube) From
ovary to uterus Lies in a fold of peritoneum (
a mesentery, the mesosalpinx) 4 to 5 inches
long (unique feature does not connect directly
to its gland) Four regional divisions Infundib
ulum Ampulla Isthmus Intramural
portion Wall thickens (ovary to uterus) lumen
decreases from 8 mm. to 1 mm.
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Mucosa Epithelium largely simple columnar
(occasional basal cells) Some cells ciliated
(stroke downward toward uterus) Other cells
contain granules (mucoid secretion) Lamina
Propria highly cellular basement membrane
indistinct Distinct longitudinal folds
(mucosa) Near uterus 3 to 4 folds (low,
simple) Ovarian end many thin folds, high,
intricate (primary folds branch, interconnect
lengthwise)
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Submucosa not recognizable Lamina Propria
extends to muscular coat! Muscularis smooth
muscle tunic thickens progressively (ovarian end
to uterine end) Inner layer circular Outer
layer longitudinal loose and in bundles ?
does not form complete layer Two layers not
clearly separated Serosa loose investment
fold of peritoneum Longitudinal muscle bundles
embedded in this thick layer Continuous with
broad ligament (mesosalpinx)
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Uterus Between urinary bladder and
rectum Hollow, pear-shaped organ 3 inches long
very thick wall Opens into vagina Regional
divisions Corpus Fundus Cervix (projects
short distance into vagina)
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Uterus Structural plan general plan of hollow
organs Tunics receive special
names Endometrium (the mucosa) Myometrium
(the muscularis) Perimetrium (the
serosa) The endometrium undergoes cyclic
changes ending in destructive separation
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Endometrium A musosa in direct contact with the
muscularis (myometrium) Surface
epithelium Fundus-Corpus simple columnar
(groups of cells ciliated) Cervix cells
taller basal nuclei a few cells
ciliated Uterine glands through entire
thickness of mucosa Spacing between glands 4
times width of gland 2 regional types of
glands fundus-corpus cervix
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Glands of the Fundus-Corpus Fundic glands
slightly tortuous tubules form vertical
palisade Cells resemble those of surface
some ciliated Change with menstrual
cycle Cervical glands tall mucous cells highly
branched Do not participate in menstrual cycle
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Lamina Propria framework of reticular fibers
condense into basement membrane Stromal cells
abundant Lymphoid cells other
leucocytes Cervix stroma firmer
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Myometrium Muscularis massive smooth muscle
0.6 inches thick Muscle fibers large 40 90 µ
long Pregnancy fibers increase in size 600
800 µ 3 layers of muscle Inner
(longitudinal) stratum submucosum Middle
(obliquely circular) thickest coat stratum
vasculare Outer (primarily longitudinal)
stratum supravasculare Perimetrium A
typical serosa continued from peritoneum of
broad ligament Absent caudally on anterior wall
(urinary bladder)
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C compact layer of endometrium S spongy layer
of endometrium
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Endometrium beginning to erode
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Vagina
Cervix
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Vagina a fibro-muscular sheath, lined with a
transversely folded mucosa Lower end bounded by
the hymen (a transverse, annular fold of
mucosa Hymen separates vagina from
vestibule Both surfaces covered with stratified
squamous epithelium
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Vaginal mucosa Continous, by reflection, onto
outer wall of uterine cervix Uncornified
stratified squamous epithelium no
glands Cervical glands provide mucous
lubricant Abrupt transition to simple columnar
epithelium of cervix
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Lamina Propria thick feltwork fine fibers
elastic fibers -Lymphocytes occasional
nodule -many lymphocytes invade
epithelium -Papillae indent epithelium (tall
posterior wall) -Transverse ridges ? mucosal
folds (rugae) of vagina
Lamina Propria
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Submucosa deeper looser more vascular yet
indistinct
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Muscularis Smooth muscle interlacing
bundles Layers poorly defined Inner portion
thin, circular to spiral Outer portion thicker,
predominantly longitudinal At vaginal entrance a
sphincter of skeletal muscle Adventitia Thin
layer of dense, fibrous tissue Merges into
looser, adjoining C.T. Blends with adventitia of
urinary bladder (front) rectum (behind)
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External Genitalia Clitoris rudimentary/incomplet
e counterpart of the penis 2 cavernous erectile
bodies rudimentary glans prepuce lacks
urethra corpus cavernosum urethrae thin
statified squamous epithelium specialized
sensory nerve endings
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External Genitalia Vestibular Glands Major
minor Major Vestibular Glands of Bartholin
(2) Lateral walls of vestibule (0.5 inches
long) male bulbo-urethral glands Tubulo-alve
olar glands (lubricative mucous) Minor
Vestibular Glands several, small mucous
glands around urethral opening, near
clitoris resemble male urethral glands of Littre
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External Genitalia Labia Minora Form lateral
walls of vestibule Long, high, relatively thin
fold of mucous membrane Tall C.T. papillae
indent stratified squamous epithelium Basal
layer (epithelium) pigment granules Sebaceous
glands on both surfaces No hair follicles no
fat in labia minora
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External Genitalia Labia Majora Folds of skin
cover labia minora Each fold contains
considerable fat Inner surface soft, smooth,
hairless Mucosa much like that of labia
minora Outer surface cornified epidermis
coarse hairs Both surfaces sebaceous glands
sweat glands
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Miscellaneous Structures Mammary
Glands Placenta Umbilical Cord
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