ROMAN HISTORY 500200 BCE

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ROMAN HISTORY 500-200 BCE
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(No Transcript)
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city-state (urbs) Rome
territory ager Romanus
citadel Arx
?
city Rome
market, or forum
?
international market - Forum Boarium (cattle
market)
?
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city-state (urbs) of ROME
Arx
Forum
Forum Boarium
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ROME, ca.500 BCE (control of Alba Longa,
dominates Latin League)
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LATIN RIGHTS 509 BCE
right of intermarriage (ius conubium) right
of commerce (ius commercium) right of
citizenship (ius migrationis)
ROME
TIBUR
LAVINIUM
PRAENESTE
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Sabines
ROME, ca.390 BCE (conquest of Veii, Celts/Gauls
invade)
Aequi
Samnites
Volsci
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ROME, ca.500 BCE
assumption shared language, religion, and
imagined kinship gt mutual cooperation
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Sabines
ROME, ca.338 BCE (dissolution of Latin League)
Aequi
Samnites
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LATIN RIGHTS 538 BCE
right of intermarriage (ius conubium) right
of commerce (ius commercium) right of
citizenship (ius migrationis)
ROME
TIBUR
LAVINIUM
PRAENESTE
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ROME, ca.500-400 BCE
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THEM
US
assumption shared language, common religious
sanctuaries, shared notions of common descent gt
creation of a nation state
IDEAL
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THEM
THEM
US
US
US
US
US
(1) some of the group fall outside the boundary
E. Gellner. 1983. Nations and Nationalism.
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THEM
THEM
US
US
US
US
US
THEM
US
THEM
(2) some others fall inside the boundary
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THEM
THEM
US
US
US
US
US
THEM
THEM
US
US
US
US
US
THEM
(2) some others fall inside the boundary
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THEM
THEM
US
US
US
US
US
THEM
THEM
US
US
US
THEM
THEM
US
both (1) and (2) occur
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THEM
US
THEM
US
THEM
US
(3) no national boundaries form
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conclusion Rome does not match our expectations
as a national unit
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ROME ca. 200 BCE
AEQUI
PUNIC
ETRUSCAN
CAMPANIAN
LATIN
GREEK
LATIN
LATIN
GAUL
SABINE
SAMNITE
ETRUSCAN
PUNIC
GREEK
LATIN
GAUL
VOLSCI
LATIN
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ca.300 BCE
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Rome vs. Samnites (Osco-Umbrians), 343-290
BCE development of an ad hoc patchwork of
municipal rights
1) municipium free municipality by treaty,
sometimes with full citizens rights (civitas
optimo iure), but usually with all rights but the
vote (civitas sine suffragio), i.e. essentially
Latin rights (intermarriage, business contracts,
migration/ citizenship)
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Rome vs. Samnites (Osco-Umbrians), 343-290
BCE development of an ad hoc patchwork of
municipal rights
1) municipium free municipality by treaty,
sometimes with full citizens rights (civitas
optimo iure), but usually with all rights but the
vote (civitas sine suffragio), i.e. essentially
Latin rights (intermarriage, business contracts,
migration/ citizenship) 2) socii allies by
treaty of friendship (amicitia), had control
over internal political affairs, but in all
military and foreign affairs they were
subordinate to Rome, and were required to provide
auxiliary troops (slingers, cavalry, navy, etc.),
but were not taxed except for this military levy
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Rome vs. Samnites (Osco-Umbrians), 343-290
BCE development of an ad hoc patchwork of
municipal rights
1) municipium free municipality by treaty,
sometimes with full citizens rights (civitas
optimo iure), but usually with all rights but the
vote (civitas sine suffragio), i.e. essentially
Latin rights (intermarriage, business contracts,
migration/ citizenship) 2) socii allies by
treaty of friendship (amicitia), had control
over internal political affairs, but in all
military and foreign affairs they were
subordinate to Rome, and were required to provide
auxiliary troops (slingers, cavalry, navy, etc.),
but were not taxed except for this military
levy 3) colonia agriculture settlement of
war veterans, with Latin Rights
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ca.265 BCE
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BLUEPRINT COPYING - EPIC Myths of Origin
Myths of Rome Aeneas Greek return nostoi
sagas Trojan vs. Greek
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BLUEPRINT COPYING - HISTORY Myths of Origin
Myths of Rome Aeneas Greek return nostoi
sagas Trojan vs. Greek Romulus (and Remus,
both eponymous) Greek (Timaeus?) aetiological
myth
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BLUEPRINT COPYING - HISTORY Myths of Origin
Myths of Rome Aeneas Greek return nostoi
sagas Trojan vs. Greek Romulus (and Remus,
both eponymous) Greek (Timaeus?) aetiological
myth Heracles Greek charter myth (Cacus,
Evander), aetiological myth (Ara Maxima)
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BLUEPRINT COPYING - HISTORY Myths of Origin
Myths of Rome Aeneas Greek return nostoi
sagas Trojan vs. Greek Romulus (and Remus,
both eponymous) Greek (Timaeus?) aetiological
myth Hercules (Heracles) Greek charter myth
(Cacus, Evander), aetiological myth (Ara
Maxima) Myths of Carthage Dido (Elyssa)
Roman aetiological myth Heracles (Melqart)
Phoenician (?) charter myth (relief
sculpture at temple at Gades)
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THREE EPIC ROMAN VIRTUES VIRTUS manly valor
earned on the field of battle FIDES
trustworthiness earned honoring agreements and
supporting friends clients PIETAS
devotion earned by showing respect to gods and
parents
Anchises
pious Aeneas
Ascanius (or Iulus)
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THREE EPIC ROMAN VIRTUES VIRTUS FIDES
PIETAS together these provide Roman nobles with
the auctoritas (social standing) that
legitimized their leadership
Anchises
pious Aeneas
Ascanius (or Iulus)
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ROMAN IMPERIALISM extension of imperium
treaties of friendship entangle Rome in
affairs of border states
CARTHAGE
MAMERTINES (devotees of Mamer Mars) Campanian
mercenaries of Syracuse, seize Rhegium and
Messana enemies in Rhegium, 265 allies
at Messana, 264
MAMERTINES
MESSANA
RHEGIUM
SYRACUSE
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ROMAN IMPERIALISM FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264-241 BCE
first conquests outside Italian peninsula
Sicily as first provincia Segesta claims
Trojans as putative ancestors, gets status of
municipium
.
Segesta
SICILY
provincia territory administered directly by a
Roman governor (praetor)
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ROMAN IMPERIALISM
treaties of friendship entangle Rome in
affairs of border states all wars defensive
and just
.
.
Ebro River
.
MASSILIA
.
ROME
SAGUNTUM
NEW CARTHAGE
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TREBIA TRASIMENE CANNAE

GAUL
TREBIA 218
ETRURIA
CAPUA.
TRASIMENE 217
CANNAE 216
. SYRACUSE
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AFTERMATH OF CANNAE Cisalpine Gauls (Po
Valley) defect Capua (and others) in the south
of Italy defect Syracuse defects Philip V
of Macedonia allies with Hannibal

GAUL
TREBIA 218
ETRURIA
CAPUA.
TRASIMENE 217
CANNAE 216
patchwork of alliances holds Latin allies
loyal Etruscan allies loyal Massilia loyal
. SYRACUSE
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AFTERMATH OF CANNAE

GAUL
TREBIA 218
ROMAN RESPONSE proxy war against Philip V of
Macedon (215-205), with intermittent fighting
from 201-148) punish disloyal allies (w/out
fides) besiege Syracuse (212) besiege Capua
(211)
CAPUA.
TRASIMENE 217
CANNAE 216
. SYRACUSE
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Mediterranean World, ca.200 BCE
CELTS/ GAULS
GREEKS
ROME
IBERIANS
MACEDONIAN EMPIRES
Massilia
ROME
.
Carthage
NUMIDIANS
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AFTERMATH OF CANNAE

GAUL
TREBIA 218
ROMAN RESPONSE war against Macedon with
intermittent fighting from 201-148) punish
disloyal allies (w/out fides) settle veterans
among Cisalpine Gauls (197-175) Macedon
annexed (148) Corinth razed (146) Carthage razed
(146)
CAPUA.
TRASIMENE 217
CANNAE 216
. SYRACUSE
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HELLENIZATION OF ROME LITERATURE NEW COMEDY
T. Macchius Plautus, ca. 185 BCE HELLENISTIC
HISTORY Timaeus of Taorminum, 4th/3rd BCE
sensationalist Q. Fabius Pictor, ca.200 BCE
(Punic Wars) Polybius of Megalopolis, 2nd BCE
specialist RHETORIC Greek professors of
forensic oratory, 2nd BCE PHILOSOPHY Greek
professors, 2nd BCE
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HELLENIZATION OF ROME LITERATURE LATINIST
REACTION M. Portius Cato 234-149 BCE Latin
prose, On Agriculture
He was opposed on principle to the study of
philosophy and his patriotic fervor made him
regard the whole of Greek culture and its methods
of education with contempt...He pronounced with
the solemnity of a prophet that if ever the
Romans became infected with the literature of
Greece, they would lose their empire.
Plutarch Life of Cato 22-23 (MP 514)
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HELLENISTIC HISTORY
ALEXANDERIAN HISTORIANS SPECIALIST SENSATIONALI
ST Ptolemy Clitarchus Aristobulus Polyclitus C
hares Onesicratus Anticlides Antigenes etc.
etc. Arrianus of Nicomedia Diodorus of Sicily
(1st BCE) (1st/2nd CE) Q. Curtius Rufus
(1st CE)
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HELLENISTIC HISTORY
ALEXANDERIAN HISTORIANS SENSATIONALIST Timaeus
of Taormina (3rd BCE) history of Western
Greeks first to write about Rome depicted
Agathocles as a stereotypically depraved tyrant
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GERMANS
Mediterranean World, 133 BCE
CELTS/ GAULS
MACEDONIAN EMPIRES
.
IBERIANS
.
NUMANTIA
.
PERGAMUM
ROME
.
SLAVE REVOLT
NUMIDIANS
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HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS, GREEKS ROME 220-30
BCE SELEUCID EAST Antiochus III the Great,
basileus 222-187 anabasis, 212-205 war vs.
Rome, 192-188 L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
Battle of Magnesia, 190  
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THREE HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS Seleucids SELEUCID
EAST Antiochus I Soter, basileus 281-261
Antiochus II Theos (Divine), basileus 261-246
Seleucus II Callinicus (Beautiful-Victor),
basileus 246-225 Antiochus III the Great,
basileus 222-187 ARSACID PARTHIA Arsaces I,
basileus ca.250-211 claim descent from
Artaxerxes II Memnon (Cyrus the Youngers
brother)   GRAECO-BACTRIA Diodotus I,
basileus ca.250   INDIA Chandragupta I
Maurya (Peacock), reign ca.320-298 Asoka
the Great, reign 273-232  
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HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS, GREEKS ROME 220-30
BCE SELEUCID EAST  Cn. Pompeius Magnus (the
Great)  POMPEIAN REORGANIZATION Antiochus
III the Great, basileus 222-187 anabasis,
212-205 war vs. Rome, 192-188 L. Cornelius
Scipio Asiaticus Battle of Magnesia, 190
Seleucus IV Philopator, basileus 187-175
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (Illustrious), basileus
175-164 hostage in Rome (189-178) legate C.
Popillius Laenas in Egypt, 168 Revolt of the
Maccabees, 168-165 Demetrius I Soter, basileus
162-150 HASHMONEAN JUDEA Judas Maccabaeus
(Hammer), basileus 167-160  
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HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS, GREEKS ROME 220-30
BCE PTOLEMAIC EGYPT Ptolemy IV Philopator,
222-204 Ptolemy V Epiphanes, 204-181 ?
Cleopatra I, daughter of Antiochus III Rosetta
Stone, 196 Greek, Demotic, hieroglyphic (J. F.
Champollion) Ptolemy VI Philometor
(Mother-Lover), 180-145 ? sister Cleopatra II
legate C. Popillius Laenas in Egypt, 168
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LIFE COURSE
ca.20 married to Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer
(ca.75-59 BCE) ca.22 mother to Caecelia
Metella (who at ca.20, married P. Lentulus, 53
BCE)
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ROMANIZATION

• ROMAN IDENTITY
• putative ancestors
• (2) Latin language
• (3) Roman religion
• (4) shared customs
• transition ceremonies (toga)
• set of citizens rights
• imperial administration

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ROMANIZATION
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artes
intulit agresti Latio Captive Greece captured
the feral victor and brought the arts into
uncultured Latium.
Horace Epistles II.1.156-157
Let others better mold the running mass Of
metals, and inform the breathing brass And soften
into flesh a marble face Plead better at the
bar describe the skies, And when the stars
descend, and when they rise. But, Rome, t is
thine alone, with awful sway, To rule mankind,
and make the world obey, Disposing peace and war
by thy own majestic way To tame the proud, the
fetterd slave to free These are imperial arts
and worthy thee. Vergil
Aeneid Book VI (CR 366-367)
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ROMANIZATION zone of olive cultivation co-opt
local elites
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ROMANIZATION
(1) co-opt
model of pre-modern social stratification
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ROMANIZATION citizenship offered
to collaborating local elites education in Latin
ROMANIZATION
(1) co-opt
model of pre-modern social stratification
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SUMMARY
ROMAN IDENTITY indicia
dress toga Language Latin nomenclature tria
nomina law, military, imperial administration
religion interpretatio Romana - syncretism of
religio (not superstitio) Capitoline
triad imperial cult cult of Roma religious
calendar institutions municipium/colonia
modeled on Rome IIvir (duovir, two men
consuls), Senate, assembly theater
(Greco-Roman) amphitheater (gladiatorial
games) circus (horse races) bath
(aqueducts) forum (markets, courts) legion