METABOLISM

1
METABOLISM

• The chemical changes that occur in living
  organisms
• The Principal Organs
• Digestive Organs
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Heart and Blood Vessels
• Kidneys

2

• Energy Metabolism Centers on 4 Basic Units
• From Carbohydrate glucose
• From Lipids glycerol and fatty acids
• From Protein amino acids

3

• Metabolic pathways break down compounds
  (CATABOLIC) or build more complex compounds
  (ANABOLIC)
• Metabolic pathways are never completely inactive

4
(No Transcript)
5
IMPORTANT METABOLIC COMPOUNDS

• ATP adenosine triphosphate
• A high energy compound that is the main direct
  fuel for cells
• Production of ATP is the fundamental goal of
  metabolisms energy producing pathway

6
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE

• 1. Glycolysis the anaerobic metabolic pathway
  that breaks down glucose into two molecules of
  pyruvate

7
(No Transcript)
8
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE

• 2. Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA an aerobic reaction
• If oxygen is unavailable, this reaction cannot
  occur and lactate is formed
• Lactate is an alternative fuel that muscle cells
  can use, or liver cells can convert to glucose

9

10
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE

• 3. Citric acid cycle/Krebs Cycle/Tricarboxylic
  Acid Cycle a circular metabolic pathway

11
(No Transcript)
12
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - CARBOHYDRATE

• 4. Electron Transport Chain This pathway
  produces most of the ATP available from glucose

13
(No Transcript)
14
END PRODUCTS

• When completely broken down, each glucose
  molecule yields carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
• 30-32 ATP are formed by the complete break down
  of glucose

15
(No Transcript)
16
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - FATS

• To begin breaking down fat, the body breaks
  triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
• Most of the energy is stored in the fatty acids
  (glycerol can be converted to glucose or
  pyruvate)
• Fatty acids usually produce substantially more
  ATP than glucose (16 carbon fatty acid 129 ATP)

17
(No Transcript)
18
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - PROTEIN

• Protein is only used for energy in the absence of
  carbohydrate or fat
• Carbon skeletons are formed by the deamination
  of amino acids and can enter the metabolic
  pathways at several points depending on their
  structure ( carbons)

19
(No Transcript)
20
BREAKDOWN and RELEASE of ENERGY - PROTEIN

• Glucogenic Amino Acids become pyruvate or a
  citric acid cycle intermediate
• Ketogenic Amino Acids become acetyl CoA
• The carbon skeletons point of entry determines
  the amount of ATP produced

21
(No Transcript)
22
FEASTING
23
FASTING
24
FASTING