Gas Processing and Liquefaction

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Gas Processing and Liquefaction

• Chapter 2
• Hydrocarbon Gass Well-to-User Chain

By Abdul Halim Abdul Razik FKKSA, UMP
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Topic outcomes

• Identify and explain in details activities or
  processes involved in hydrocarbon gass
  well-to-user chain
• Identify and describe the important contributions
  of various engineering and non-engineering
  disciplines for hydrocarbon gas exploration and
  production
• Explain general description of gas processing
  plant operations and utility systems
• Identify the modes of hydrocarbon gas
  transportations in meeting customers demand

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Oil and Gas Exploration

• Crude oil and natural gas exist in reservoirs
  located thousands of feet below the Earths
  surface and ocean floors.
• These reservoirs would exist only in certain
  locations depending on the geologic history of
  the Earth.
• Therefore, determining the location of petroleum
  reservoirs is a very difficult task and is,
  probably, the most challenging aspect of the
  petroleum industry.
• Finding or discovering a petroleum reservoir
  involves three major activities geologic
  surveying, geophysical surveying, and exploratory
  drilling activities.

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Geologic Survey

• Geologic surveying is the oldest and first used
  tool for determining potential locations where
  there would be a possibility of finding
  underground reservoirs.
• It involves examination of the surface geology,
  formation outcrops, and surface rock samples.
• The collected information is used in conjunction
  with geologic theories to determine whether
  petroleum reservoirs could be present underground
  at the surveyed location.
• The results of the geologic survey are not
  conclusive and the rate of success of finding
  petroleum reservoirs using this technique alone
  has been historically low.

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Geophysical Survey

• Currently, geologic surveys are used together
  with other geophysical surveys to provide higher
  rates of success in finding petroleum reservoirs.
• There are mainly four types of geophysical
  surveys used in the industry gravity survey,
  magnetic survey, seismic survey, and remote
  sensing.
• The seismic survey is the most important and most
  accurate of all of the geophysical surveys.
• It involves sending strong pressure (sound) waves
  through the earth and receiving the reflected
  waves off the various surfaces of the subsurface
  rock layers.
• Significant technological developments in the
  field of seismic surveying have been achieved in
  recent years.

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Exploratory Drilling

• The data collected from the geologic and
  geophysical surveys are used to formulate
  probable definitions and realizations of the
  geologic structure that may contain oil and/or
  gas.
• However, we still have to determine whether
  petroleum exists in these geologic traps, and if
  it does exist, would it be available in such a
  quantity that makes the development of the
  oil/gas field economical?
• The only way to provide a definite answers is to
  drill and test exploratory well (s).
• The exploratory well, known as the wildcat well,
  is drilled in a location determined by the
  geologists and geophysicists.

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Exploratory Drilling Cont

• The well is drilled with insufficient data
  available about the nature of the various rock
  layers that will be drilled or the fluids and
  pressures that may exist in the various
  formations.
• As this exploratory well is drilled, samples of
  the rock cuttings are collected and examined for
  their composition and fluid content.
• This activity will provide important data on rock
  and fluid properties, type and saturation of
  fluids, initial reservoir pressure, reservoir
  productivity, and so forth.
• These are essential and important data and
  information, which are needed for the development
  of the field. Of course, every exploratory well
  not necessarily will result in a discovery.

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Development Oil and Gas Field

• The development of petroleum fields involves the
  collective and integrated efforts and experience
  of many disciplines. Geologists and geophysicists
  are needed, as described earlier, to define,
  describe, and characterize the reservoir.
• Reservoir engineers set the strategy for
  producing petroleum reserves and managing the
  reservoir for the life of the field.
• Production and completion engineers design the
  well completions and production facilities to
  handle the varying production methods and
  conditions.
• Drilling engineers Design the well-drilling
  programs based on well-completion design.

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Development Oil and Gas Field Cont..

• In the past, each group used to work separately
  and deliver its product to the next group.
• In almost all cases, it was necessary for each
  group to go back again to the previous group for
  discussion, clarification or requesting
  additional work.
• In recent years, most major companies have
  adopted what is known as the multidisciplinary
  team approach for field developments.
• In this approach, a team consisting of engineers
  and scientists covering all needed disciplines is
  formed.
• The team members work together as one group
  throughout the field development stage.
• Experience has shown that this field development
  approach is very efficient more and more
  companies are moving in this direction.

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Drilling Engineering and Operations

• Following the preparation stage of field
  development (setting the production strategy,
  determining the locations of the well in the
  field, and designing the well completions), the
  drilling-related activities begin.
• These activities are drilling the well, casing
  the well and cementing the casing.
• The drilling program is first designed. Then,
  plans are prepared and executed to acquire the
  required equipment and materials. The operations
  begin.

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Reservoir Engineering Role and Functions

• Reservoir engineers play a major role in field
  development and operation.
• Among of their functions
• Estimation of reserves
• Well location, spacing and production rates
• Reservoir simulation
• Reservoir management
• Improved petroleum recovery or enhanced oil
  recovery (EOR) programme

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Production Engineering Role and Function

• Production engineers have probably the most
  important role in both the development and
  operating stages of the field.
• They are responsible for making the development
  and production strategies prepared by the
  reservoir engineers a reality.
• Two major responsibilities are classified as
  subsurface production engineering (well to the
  wellhead) and surface production engineering
  (wellhead to the offshore delivery of oil and gas)

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Petroleum Field Processing and Subsea
Transportation

• Fluids produced from oil and gas wells generally
  constitute mixtures of crude oil, natural gas,
  and salt water.
• These mixtures are very difficult to handle,
  meter or transport. It is also unsafe and
  uneconomical to ship or to transport these
  mixtures to refineries and gas plants for
  processing.
• Furthermore, hydrocarbon shipping tankers, oil
  refiners and gas plants require certain
  specifications for the fluids that each receive.
• It is therefore, necessary to process the
  produced fluids in the field to yield products
  that meet the specifications set by the customer
  and are safe to handle. For example, we need to
  reduce carbon dioxide well concentration from 20
  mole until 5.95 mole before sending to
  onshore for further treatment.

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Natural Gas Well Classification
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Field Processing of Natural Gas

• Untreated (raw) natural gas generally contains
  undesirable components such as H2S, CO2, N2 and
  water vapor.
• Field processing of natural gas implies the
  removal of such undesirable components or reduced
  to acceptable concentrations.
• N2, on the other hand, may be removed if it is
  justifiable. Gas compression is usually needed
  after these treatment processes.

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Field Processing of Natural Gas Cont..

• Several schemes can be recommended for field
  processing and separation of natural gas, but the
  specific solution is usually a function of the
  composition of the gas stream, the location of
  this source, and the markets available for the
  products obtained.
• Gas field processing units usually include the
  following
• Removal of water vapor
• Acid gases separation
• Heavy hydrocarbon separation (Condensate removal)

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Sub-sea Transportation

• Hydrocarbon produced from the production platform
  need to be shipped or transported via pipeline
  for further onshore processing.
• Beside the design and installation of the
  pipelines, the aspect of maintenances are very
  crucial considering the extreme marine
  conditions.
• It then comes the term of pipeline integrity as
  to ensure the product supply are safe and
  reliable.

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Gas Production System (Offshore Terengganu)
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Brief Details About Slug Catchers (GPP A)

• Slug Catchers A system that handles two-phase
  flow (condensate_at_gas-liq) from subsea pipeline
  before entering onshore plant
• Phase 1 Gas It is high pressure, purely wet,
  rich and sour gas. It is coming from Petronas
  Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB, OGT) terminal, which is
  receiving gas the below mentioned OFF-SHORE
  wells
• Guntong A (Associated Gas Source)
• Tiong A (Non-Associated Gas Source)
• Seligi A (Associated Gas Source)
• Sotong (Non-Associated Gas Source)
• Duyung (Non-Associated Gas Source)
• Bekok A (Non-Associated Gas Source)

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Brief Details About Slug Catchers (GPP A) Cont..

• OGT terminal is Fingers type, it is easy to
  separate liquid and sludge from the gas. The
  separated liquid is being sent to complex-A.
• Phase 2 Gas It is high pressure, purely wet,
  lean and sour gas. It is coming from ESSO-GAS
  terminal, which is receiving non-associated gas
  from Jerneh A.
• Esso-Gas terminal is scrubber type slug-catcher,
  it is separating sludge and drop-out liquid from
  the gas. The drop-out liquid is being sent to
  Complex A.
• TCOT Gas (Terengganu Crude Oil Terminal Off-Gas)
  It is low pressure, wet, highly rich, sour gas
  taking LPGU-GPP 1 only

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Gas Processing Plant (GPP)

• It is divided into 9 sections below for
  processing natural gas
• Pre-treatment section
• De-hydration Unit (DHU)
• Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU)
• Regeneration system
• Low Temperature Separation Unit (LTSU)
• Product Recovery Unit (PRU)
• Sales gas compression unit
• Propane refrigeration unit
• Product storage area

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GPP Overview Block Diagram
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Plant Utility System Scheme
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In conclusion, below is overall hydrocarbon gass
chain
Offshore
Petrochemical
Plastic Industry/ HouseholdItems
Lawit
Jerneh
Bintang
PEMSB
EMSB
Resak
GPPB
GPP Refinery
VCM
PVC
Angsi
Bekok
OGT
Optimal
Petlin
GPPA
Sotong
EOG
Duyong
Sales Gas
West Natuna
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Hydrocarbon Gas Transportation (NG)
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Hydrocarbon Gas Transportation (LPG)
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Hydrocarbon Gas Transportation (LNG)