Cell Division and Mitosis

1
DMA (500 to complete)

• Answer questions from the overview of the animal
  kingdom handout!
• Column 1 only!!
• Volunteers for
• Registration rush
• Science fair judging

2
Announcements/HW

• HW tonight
• Chapter 27 reading
• Prep for
• Phylum Chordata Amphibians
• Phylum Chordata Reptiles
• Chapter 26 online quiz
• Chapter 26 RQ/CT
• Spring Break Assignment

3
Review
New

• Phylum Chordata
• Hemichordata
• Urochordata
• Cephalochordata
• Fish

• Phylum
• Arthropoda
• Echinodermata

4
Animals The Chordates

• Starr/Taggarts
• Biology
• The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e
• Chapter 27

5
Phylum Chordata

• The Chordates include invertebrate and vertebrate
  species.
• Existing invertebrate chordates include the
  tunicates and lancelets.
• There are seven classes of vertebrates that we
  will consider.

6
Chordate Characteristics

• Four embryonic features
• Notochord
• Nerve chord
• Pharynx
• Tail

• General Characteristics
• Dorsal hollow nervous system (other animals have
  a solid one)
• Ventral heart
• Tail that extends beyond anus
• Dorsal notochord (supporting rod) at some
  developmental stage found between the digestive
  tube and the nerve cord
• Pharyngeal slits

7
The notochord
http//www.howe.k12.ok.us/jimaskew/chordate.gif
8
Phylum Hemichordata

• Where do they fit in?
• They lack a notochord, but have several other
  chordate characteristics!

9
Phylum Hemichordata Acorn Worms

• Sexual reproduction with separate sexes.
• External fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segmented
• Marine deposit feeders they eat their way
  through silt.

10
Phylum Hemichordata Acorn Worms

• Body plan probiscus (digging organ), collar and
  trunk
• Nerve net and cords
• Complete digestive tract
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Open circulatory system

11
Chordate Classification

• Seven classes of vertebrates
• Agnatha
• Chondrichthyes
• Osteichthyes
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia

• Three subphyla
• Urochordata
• Cephalochordata
• Vertebrata

12
Invertebrate ChordatesUrochordata (Tunicates)

• Tunicates (sea squirts)

nerve cord
notochord
gut
ANIMATION!!
larvae
13
Invertebrate ChordatesCephalochordata
(Lancelets)
14
Lancelets
15
Invertebrate ChordatesCharacteristics

• Live offshore
• Seafloors
• Filter feeders
• Features
• Segmented pattern of muscles
• Notochord
• Closed circulatory system
• Nerves

• Sexual reproduction with separate sexes
• Internal fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segmented

16
Vertebrate ChordatesPhylogeny

• Where do they fit in?
• Noteworthy vertebrate characteristics/trends
• Shift from notochord to hard segmented vertebrae
• Evolution of jaws
• Evolution of complex nervous and sensory organs

17
Vertebrate ChordatesPhylogeny
Reptilia
Chondrichtheyes
Amphibia
Mammalia
Osteichthyes
Aves
Agnatha

• Where do the fish fit in?

18
The First Vertebrates

• Two kinds of fishes
• Jawless
• Agnatha
• Hagfish Lamprey
• Jawed

Body Plan of Hagfish and Lamprey
19
Existing Jawed Fishes

• Dominant vertebrates
• Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
• Skates, sharks, chimaeras
• Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
• Most numerous and diverse
• Torpedo shape
• Flexible body
• Strong tail

20
Fish Characteristics

• Sexual repoduction
• Internal and external fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segmented
• Aquatic habitat

21
Fish Systems

• Muscular system
• Brains and nervous system
• Kidney and bladder (ammonia)
• Complete digestive tract
• Gills for gas exchange
• Circulatory system
• Scales
• Lateral line system
• Swim bladder

22
DMA (500 to complete)

• Answer questions from the overview of the animal
  kingdom handout!

23
Announcements/HW

• HW tonight
• Chapter 27 reading
• Prep for
• Phylum Chordata Birds
• Phylum Chordata Mammals
• Chapter 27 online quiz
• Chapter 27 RQ/CT
• Spring Break Assignment

24
Review
New

• Phylum Chordata
• Amphibians
• Reptiles

• Phylum
• Hemichordata
• Phylum Chordata
• Urochordata
• Cephalochordata
• Fish

25
Phylum Chordata Amphibians

• Where do they fit in?

26
Vertebrate ChordatesPhylogeny
Reptilia
Chondrichtheyes
Amphibia
Mammalia
Osteichthyes
Aves
Agnatha

• Where do the amphibians fit in?

27
Challenges of Living on Land

• More UV light
• Air offers less support than water
• Change in sensory cues in the air
• Temperature varies more
• Gas exchange needs to be performed to minimize
  water loss
• Water is limited so an organism needs to minimize
  water loss during excretion
• Internal fertilization due to lack of free gamete
  release
• Lack of filter feeding

28
Members Salamanders, Frogs, Toads, Caecilians

• Salamanders walk like fish swim
• Bending side to side
• Frogs and toads are most successful amphibians
• Powerful muscles
• Frogs tend to be aquatic dwellers, toad
  terrestrial
• Caecilians
• No limbs
• Live in soil

29
Salamander Locomotion
In-text, p. 463
30
Fig. 27.12, p. 463
31
http//www.fiu.edu/acaten01/caediv.html
32
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Amphibians

• Sexual reproduction
• Usually external fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segemented
• Aquatic juvenville, Land adult

33
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Amphibians

• Gas exchange through skin and with lungs
• Like fish, amphibians are ectothermic
• Complete digestive tract
• Bladder with urea as nitrogenous waste product
• Closed circulatory system

34
Phylum Chordata Reptiles

• Where do they fit in?

35
Vertebrate ChordatesPhylogeny
Reptilia
Chondrichtheyes
Amphibia
Mammalia
Osteichthyes
Aves
Agnatha

• Where do the reptiles fit in?

36
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataReptiles

• Members of this class include
• Crocodiles and alligators
• Lizards
• Snakes
• Turtles
• Lizards and snakes dominate!

37
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataReptiles

• Sexual Reproduction
• Internal fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segemented
• Land habitats dominate

38
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataReptiles

• Skeletal and muscular system well developed
• Closed circulatory system
• Lungs for respiration
• Like fish and amphibians, reptiles are exothermic
• Uric acid as the nitrogenous waste product
• Scaly skin

39
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataReptiles

• Theorized to have arisen from amphibians
• Independent of survival in water
• Adaptations
• Tough, dry, scaly skin
• Internal fertilization
• Reptilian kidneys conserve water
• Production of amniotic eggs

40
Body Plan of Male Crocodile
41
DMA (500 to complete)

• Answer questions from the overview of the animal
  kingdom handout!

42
Announcements/HW

• HW tonight
• Chapter 27 reading
• Prep for
• Embryology
• Circulation (open v. closed)
• Animal kingdom trends
• Chapter 27 online quiz
• Chapter 27 RQ/CT
• Spring Break Assignment

43
Review
New

• Phylum Chordata
• Birds
• Mammals

• Phylum Chordata
• Amphibians
• Reptiles

44
Phylum Chordata Birds

• Where do they fit in?

45
Vertebrate ChordatesPhylogeny
Reptilia
Chondrichtheyes
Amphibia
Mammalia
Osteichthyes
Aves
Agnatha

• Where do the birds fit in?

46
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataBirds

• Members of this class include
• Eagles
• Wrens
• Robins
• Etc.!

47
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataBirds

• Sexual Reproduction
• Internal fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segmented
• Land habitats dominate

48
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataBirds

• Skeletal and muscular system well developed
• Closed circulatory system
• Lungs for respiration
• Like mammals, birds are endothermic!
• Uric acid as the nitrogenous waste product
• Feathers

49
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataBirds

• Are theorized to have descended from reptiles
• Birds, like reptiles, lay amniotic eggs

Diagram of an Egg
Gas exchange
Encloses embryo
Food storage
50
Body Plan of a Bird

• Lightweight bones and feathers

51
Phylum Chordata Mammals

• Where do they fit in?

52
Vertebrate ChordatesPhylogeny
Reptilia
Chondrichtheyes
Amphibia
Mammalia
Osteichthyes
Aves
Agnatha

• Where do the mammals fit in?

53
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataMammals

• Members of this class include
• Monotremes
• Marsupials
• Plancentals

54
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataMammals

• Monotremes
• Egg layers
• Spiny anteaters
• Duck-billed platypus
• Marsupials
• Pouched
• Kangaroos etc.
• Placentals
• Placental development for embryo

55
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataMammals

• Sexual Reproduction
• Internal fertilization
• Bilateral symmetry
• Coelomate
• Segmented
• Land and aquatic habitats

Spiny anteater
56
Phylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataMammals

• Skeletal and muscular system well developed
• Closed circulatory system
• Lungs for respiration
• Mammals are endothermic!
• Urea as the nitrogenous waste product
• Fur or hair present
• Mammary glands and live birth of young

57
Human Impact on Mammalian Diversity

• Hunting
• Encroachment
• Introduction of new species
• Decrease in size of habitats
• Endangered Species list

58
DMA (000 to complete)

• None today due to Mr. Mattioli coming in to talk
  about AP exam

59
Announcements/HW

• HW tonight
• Chapter 27 reading
• Prep for
• Animal Lab Practical
• Chapter 27 online quiz
• Chapter 27 RQ/CT
• Spring Break Assignment

60
Review
New

• Trends in the Kingdom
• Circulation
• Open
• Closed
• Embryology

• Phylum Chordata
• Birds
• Mammals

61
Animal Kingdom Trends

• Reproduction combination ? sexual
• Fertilization external/combo ? internal
• Symmetry radial ? bilateral
• Body cavity
  none ? acoelomate ?psuedocoelomate ? coelomate
• Segmentation none ? segmented

62
Arthropods
Annelids
segmented body
Mollusks
mouth
coelom
anus
head
false coelom
Roundworms
complete digestive system
bilateral symmetry, cephalization
unsegmented body
Flatworms
no coelom (no cavity between gut and body wall)
mouth
radial symmetry, no cephalization
saclike gut
Fig. 26.45, p. 452
Cnidarians, comb jellies
63
Animal Kingdom Trends

• Nervous nerve net ? nerve cords nerves ?
  complex nervous systems
• Skeletal spicules ? hydrostatic ? exoskeletons ?
  endoskeletons
• Muscular contractile cells ? longitudinal
  muscles ? long. and circular ? systems
• Digestive filter feeding ? incomplete ?complete

64
Animal Kingdom Trends

• Excretory none ? protonephridia ? metanephridia
  ? nephridia ? malphigian tubules ? kidneys and
  bladders
• Reproductive cells ? organs
• Respiratory/Gas Exchange through diffusion and
  outer wall ? gills/trachae/book lungs ? gills ?
  lungs
• Circulatory none ? open ? closed

65
Circulatory System and Embryology Details
66
Circulatory System Details

• Open circulatory systems
• exhibited by most molluscs and arthropods
• Heart pumps, blood moves through vessels and then
  enters the hemocoel (blood cavity)

67
Circulatory System Details

• Closed circulatory systems
• exhibited by cephalopods, annelid worms, and
  vertebrates
• Heart pumps, blood moves through vessels and is
  confined to vessels or vessel-like channels
  during circulation

68
Fig. 39.3
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
Circulatory System Details

• Trends within vertebrates
• The number of chambers within the heart varies by
  vertebrate class
• Fish 2
• Amphibians/Reptiles 3
• Birds and Mammals 4

Fig. 39.4, p. 669
72
EmbryologyNoteworthy Larvae

• Phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora are
  known for their larvae. Cnidarian larvae are
  called planulas.

73
EmbryologyNoteworthy Larvae

• Phylum Mollusca is known for its trochophore
  larvae.

74
Animal Kingdom Trends

• Embryology free larvae ? protostome ?
  deuterostome
• Embryonic Tissues 2 ? 3

75
Embryology

• Protostomes
• Spiral cleavage
• First embryonic opening -- mouth
• Coelom arises from spaces in mesoderm
• Deuterostomes
• Radial cleavage
• First embryonic opening -- anus
• Coelom arises from outpouchings in gut wall

76
SPIRAL
Early protostome embryo. Its four cells are
undergoing cleavages oblique to the original body
axis
PERPENDICULAR
Early deuterostome embryo. Its four cells are
undergoing cleavages parallel with and
perpendicular to the original body axis
In-text, p. 436
77
DMA (000 to complete)

• None due to the lab practical.
• You need paper for the practical!
• HW Tonight
• Test and HW Packet prep
• Study session after school today
• Movie afternoon Friday