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Life Cycle Nutrition:

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1. Breast-feed for 1 year then wean child to cow's milk ... 2. Mix cereals with Fe fortified formula, breast milk or juices containing Vitamin C ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Life Cycle Nutrition:


1
Chapter 16
  • Life Cycle Nutrition
  • Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence

2
Nutrition During Infancy I. Energy and
Nutrient Needs
  • A. Energy Intake and Activity
  • 1. Fastest rate of growth occurs in 1st year
  • a. Weight doubles in 4 mo., triples in 12 mo.
  • 2. BMR twice that of adult, 100 kcal/kg vs. 40
    kcal/kg
  • a. An 170 lb. adult would have to consume 7000
    kcal/day
  • 3. As growth rate declines activity increases

3
Weight Gain During Childhood
4
Energy Expenditure of an Infant
5
Nutrition During Infancy (cont)
  • B. Vitamins and Minerals
  • 1. Recommendations based on content in human
    milk (fig 16-3)
  • C. Water
  • 1. Greater of body weight is fluid
  • 2. 1.5 ml/kcal energy expended
  • ( 5 cups/day)
  • 3. Especially careful in hot weather,
    diarrhea, vomiting

6
Nutrient Requirements of an Adult vs. a 5 Month
Old Child
7
Nutrient Requirements of an Adult vs. a 5 Month
Old Child
8
Percentages of Energy Yielding Nutrients in an
Adult vs. a Childs Diet
9
II. Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula
  • A. Breast Milk
  • 1. Recommended for full-term infants
  • 2. Energy nutrients
  • a. CHO
  • 1. Lactose (increases Ca absorption)
  • b. Protein
  • 1. alpha-lactalbumin easy to digest
  • b. Fat
  • 1. rich in linoleic acid

10
Breast Milk (cont)
  • 3. Vitamins
  • a. Vitamin D only possible limiting
    nutrient
  • 1. Supplements recommended
  • 2. Depends on environment 4. Minerals
  • a. Ca to P ratio is ideal for Ca absorption
  • b. Fe highly absorbable
  • c. Zn highly absorbable

11
Breast Milk (cont)
  • 5. Supplements (table 16-1)
  • a. Not required in breast-fed infants
    (possibly Vitamin D)
  • b. possibly Fe and fluoride at 6 mo.
  • 6. Immunological protection
  • a. Colostrum
  • 1. Produced during first 2-3 days
  • 2. Contains immunoglobulins (antiviral),
    lactoferrin (antibacterial)- prevents
    bacteria from using Fe in milk
  • 1. Promote growth of good bacteria

12
Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula (cont)
  • B. Infant Formula
  • 1. Infant formula composition
  • a. Cow milk based similar to human
  • b. Fortified with Fe
  • c. Must be careful of water quality
  • 2. Risks of formula feeding
  • a. Contamination
  • 1. Contaminated water supply
  • a. Diarrhea, vomiting (dehydration)

13
Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula (cont) Risks of
formula feeding (cont)
  • b. Dilution
  • 1. Economy
  • 2. Decrease in nutrients
  • 3. Standards
  • a. All infant formulas contain the same
    nutrients (recommended by Am. Ac. of Ped.)
  • b. FDA insures quality
  • 4. Special formulas
  • a. Soy based formulas
  • 1. Allergic to casein (cow protein)
  • 2. Lactose intolerance

14
Breast Milk vs. Infant Formula (cont) Risks of
formula feeding (cont)
  • 5. Other concerns a. Appropriate uses
  • 1. Breast-feed for 1 year then wean child to
    cows milk
  • 2. Breast-feed less than a year wean to
    formula
  • b. Inappropriate formulas
  • 1. Soy beverages, goats milk
  • c. Nursing bottle tooth decay (pg. 585)

15
Energy Yielding Nutrients in Human Milk vs.
Formula
16
Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
17
Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
18
Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
19
Human Milk vs. Cow Milk vs. Formula
20
Nutrition During Infancy (cont)
  • C. Introducing First Foods
  • 1. When to introduce solid foods
  • a. Usually around 4-6 mo.
  • 1. Teeth have developed
  • 2. Ability to swallow solid foods
  • b. Indications of readiness
  • 1. Birth-weight has doubled
  • 2. Sit with support, control head
    movement

21
Nutrition During Infancy (cont)Introducing First
Foods (cont)
  • 2. Water
  • a. Solid foods increase risk of dehydration
  • b. Inability to concentrate urine- increase
    water
  • 3. Allergy causing foods
  • a. Introduce foods singly not in combinations
  • b. Usually rice cereal is first

22
Nutrition During Infancy (cont)Introducing First
Foods (cont)
  • 4. Choice of infant foods
  • a. Select solid foods with Fe and Vitamin C
  • 1. Fe stores depleted at 4-6 mo.
  • 2. Mix cereals with Fe fortified formula,
    breast milk or juices containing
    Vitamin C
  • 5. Foods at 1 year
  • a. Cows milk primary nutrient source
  • 1. Whole milk
  • b. Similar foods an adult consumes with the
    addition of Fe fortified cereals

23
Nutrition During Childhood I. Energy and
Nutrient Needs
  • A. Energy Intake and Activity
  • 1. Energy needs increase but per kg they
    decrease
  • a. 1 year old- 1000 kcal/day
  • b. 3 year old- 1300 kcal/day
  • c. 10 year old- 2000 kcal/day
  • 2. Activity varies widely
  • 3. Growth charts
  • a. Indicator of childs nutritional status

24
Vitamins and Minerals (cont)
  • B. Vitamins and Minerals
  • 1. Increase in growth requires increased
    minerals
  • 2. RDAs established in 3 year time
    periods
  • C. Planning Childrens Meals
  • 1. Portion sizes 1 tbl / year
  • (table 16-5)

25
II. Hunger and Malnutrition in Children
  • A. Malnutrition and Health
  • 1. Responsible for 50 of children deaths
    under 4 years (worldwide)
  • a. Vitamin A, Fe and Zn especially
  • 2. 11 million children under age 12 are
    hungry in US

26
Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)
  • B. Hunger and Behavior
  • 1. Breakfast
  • a. Increased scores on achievement test
  • b. Impaired concentration, attention, lower
    IQ
  • 2. Blood glucose
  • a. Brains major energy source
  • b. Childs liver only supplies glucose for 4
    hours
  • 1. Midmorning snack suggested

27
Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)
  • C. Fe Deficiency and Behavior
  • 1. Most prevalent nutritional problem in the
    US
  • 2. Increased requirement (growth) and
    insufficient intake
  • a. snacks and meals include Fe-rich foods
  • 3. Due to lead ingestion
  • a. Paint chips

28
Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont) Fe
Deficiency and Behavior (cont)
  • 4. Behavior a. Problems with ability to pay
    attention, decrease in intellectual
    performance, lack of motivation to engage in
    mentally challenging task 1. Decreased
    oxygen to cells enzyme cofactor in energy
    pathways 2. Altered neurotransmitter synthesis

29
Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)
  • D. Nutrition, Hyperactivity, and Hyper
    Behavior
  • 1. Sugar
  • a. no evidence of a relationship
  • 2. Caffeine
  • a. Contributes by increasing sleeplessness
    and restlessness

30
Hunger and Malnutrition in Children (cont)
  • E. Adverse Reactions to Foods
  • food intolerance and food allergy
  • 1. Food intolerance
  • a. Symptoms- Stomach ache, headache,
    rapid pulse rate, nausea, hives, coughs
  • b. Causes- chemicals in foods (MSG),
    natural chemicals in foods (sulfur),
    metabolic disease (lactose
    intolerance)
  • c. No antibody production

31
Adverse Reactions to Foods (cont)
  • 2. Food allergy
  • a. Immunological response
  • 1. Antibody production, histamine
  • b. Immediate or delayed response
  • 1. Minutes - hours
  • c. 75 of reactions caused by eggs, peanuts
    or milk
  • d. 2-8 of children, 2 of adults
  • 1. Outgrow or tolerance develops

32
Nutrition During AdolescenceI. Growth and
Development
  • A. Nutrient Needs Greatest
  • 1. Growth spurt
  • a. Females at 10-11 and peaks at 12
  • b. Males 12-13 and peaks at 14
  • 2. Body composition
  • a. Females more fat
  • 1. Grow 6", add 35 lb.
  • b. Males more lean body mass, bone mass
  • 1. Grow 8", add 45 lb.

33
Nutrition During Adolescence (cont)Growth and
Development (cont)
  • B. Energy and Nutrient Needs
  • 1. Energy intake and activity
  • a. Activity varies widely, an active 15 y/o
    male may require 4000 kcal/day, an
    inactive 15 y/o girl 2000 kcal/day
  • 2. Iron
  • a. Menstruation leads to increased
  • b. Increased lean body mass requires more

34
Nutrition During Adolescence (cont) Energy and
Nutrient Needs (cont)
  • 3. Calcium
  • a. bone development at peak
  • 1. Calcium requirement at peak
  • 2. Establish calcium bank
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