Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood

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Social and Emotional Development in Early
Childhood
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Emotional Development

• Interpreting emotions
• Regulating emotions learning from others
• Eriksons psychosocial stages
• Trust versus mistrust (Year 1)
• Autonomy versus shame and doubt (Year 2)
• Initiative versus guilt (ages 3-6)
• Learning through observation and imitation
  (Bandura)
• Cooperation and competition

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Play

• Purposes of play
• Developing physical skills
• Enhancing social adaptation
• Improving cognitive abilities
• Learning problem-solving
• Improving ability to cooperate
• Facilitates understanding of self and others
• Piagets theory of play
• Vygotskys theory of play

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Figure 8.3 Childrens favorite places. When 48
boys and 48 girls were asked to draw their
favorite places, these are the items they drew
most often. Numbers indicate the percentage of
children who included each item in their
drawings. Source Based on Moore (1986).
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Types of Play

• Pretend Play
• Social Play
• Solitary Play
• Primitive Social Play
• Onlooker Play
• Parallel Play
• Associative Play
• Cooperative Play
• Cultural Differences
• Play is virtually universal
• Differences in amount of symbolic play U.S.
  children engage in more pretend play

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Theory of Mind

• How does a child come to understand his/her mind?
• The ability to pretend teaches child difference
  between fantasy and reality
• Learning how to deliberately select and
  manipulate ideas
• Metacognition knowing about knowing

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Gender Roles

• Sex vs. gender
• How do children learn their perception of what it
  means to be male or female?
• Gender is a highly salient characteristic
• Gender-role expectations are taught
• By parents
• By peers
• By media

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Kohlbergs Gender Constancy

• A cognitive explanation of gender typing
• Two levels of understanding about gender
• Basic gender understanding
• Gender constancy
• Gender Schema Theory organized mental construct
  of what gender is and what its implications are
• Gender identity

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• Gender differences in play
• Gender Identity Disorder
• 1 in 20,000 males, 1 in 50,000 females

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Figure 8.4  Childrens gender stereotypes.
Source Based on Henshaw, Kelly, Gratton,
(1992).