Hybrid Vehicles

1
Hybrid Vehicles

• Jeremy Gillow
• COM2223

2
Overview

• Introduce benefits regarding hybrids
• Explain the empowering technology
• Discuss reservations and drawbacks

Abbreviations

• CO2 Carbon dioxide
• HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• MPG Miles per gallon
• ICE Internal combustion engine
• EM Electric motor
• Ni-MH Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
• MPH miles per hour
• HP horsepower
• AT-PZEV Advanced Technology Partial Zero
  Emissions Vehicle

3
Environmental Benefits

• CO2, the primary greenhouse gas, has been rising
  in quantity every year.
• Over time the greenhouse effect will increase the
  average temperature on Earth.
• Vehicle emissions are the 1 contributor to air
  pollution.
• Hybrid cars and trucks reduce exhaust emissions
  by burning less gas and through additional
  filtration. AT-PZEV models have zero evaporative
  emissions and are 90 cleaner than normal.

Los Angeles Smog
4
Practical Benefits

• Crude oil costs of 55 per barrel have driven the
  price of gasoline above 2/gallon.
• Better gas mileage for hybrids equates to saving
  money at the gas pump.
• More efficient vehicles decrease the United
  States dependence on foreign petroleum suppliers
• Decreased oil demand also lowers supply prices.

Hess Gasoline in Melbourne
5
Vehicle Efficiency Comparison
Prius Toyota Prius Insight Honda
Insight Civic Honda Civic Hybrid Escape 2 Ford
Escape HEV 2WD Escape 4 Ford Escape HEV
4WD Mustang Ford Mustang F-150 Ford F-150
Pickup
Ford Escape HEV, 2004 NY Auto Show
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Hybrid Power Train Technology
Series used for trains,buses, and large
truckswhere an EM is most efficient for
accelerating a large mass.
Parallel used in Honda Insight and Civic hybrid
cars. Both ICE and EM can work in tandem, ICE can
recharge battery, or braking can recharge.
Combination used in Toyota Prius and Ford Escape
hybrids. Allows full electric drive at low speeds
and more flexibility in charging.
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Technology Continued
Ford Economy Monitor
Toyota Prius Energy Monitor

• Computer displays provide real-time gas economy
  performance along with hybrid system diagnostic
  information.
• Ni-MH batteries are currently the energy
  storage medium of choice, but they will be soon
  replaced by vastly superior ultra-capacitors.

Panasonic Ni-MH battery
8
Hybrid-Electric Integration

• Current hybrid models have succeeded with
  seamless integration between the gas and electric
  components.
• To conserve fuel hybrids will shut down the ICE
  when coasting to a stop and idling. The engine
  quickly restarts when the brake is released.
• The electronic components are transparent to the
  driver the onboard computer makes all decisions
  regarding the power train.
• Hybrids are refueled just like regular cars, no
  charging needed.

Toyota Prius Synergy Hybrid Drive
Ford Escape HEV Under-hood
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Design Elements
To get the maximum fuel efficiency, the Insight
and Prius use generous weight reduction, fluid
body styling, and special tires to reduce wind
and rolling resistance. The Civic and Escape
hybrids keep to traditional styling. All four
can be equipped with Continuously Variable
Transmissions.
Honda Civic Hybrid Profile
Toyota Prius Profile
Honda Insight Profile
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Buyer Reservations

• Lack of power most people assume that hybrids
  have low horsepower and cant keep up with normal
  cars. A typical car traveling at 60 mph only
  requires 20 HP, the rest is for acceleration.
  Hybrids use ICEs that produce less power, with
  the EM for compensation during acceleration.
• Any new technology is slow to be adopted by the
  masses, but the surge in hybrid popularity has
  caused prices to inflate above MSRP sticker. The
  cost savings on gasoline currently does not
  offset the initial price, but there is a 2,000
  federal tax deduction for 2005 and 500 for 2006.
• Repairs on hybrids typically have to be conducted
  bythe dealership, since most mechanics arent
  familiarwith the new electrical systems.
• The warranty on hybrids is the same as
  traditional cars,covers all of the new electric
  components and battery,and is intended to
  reassure drivers and hold resalevalues high.
• Toyota Prius 60 mo. / 60,000 mi.
• Honda Insight Civic 36 mo. / 36,000 mi.
• Ford Escape 36 mo. / 36,000 mi.

Hybrid Mechanic
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Future Challenges

• DaimlerChrysler has said that to succeed hybrids
  must offer dynamic handling and driving pleasure,
  consume less fuel than a diesel engine, be sold
  at competitive price, and have a high resale
  value.
• Manufacturers have met every design challenge to
  make hybrids comfortable and convenient to drive,
  so the primary goals are to continue improving
  economy and public reception.
• Ten hybrids in 2005 compared with 3 in 2004, so
  there are more options for consumers.

Hydrogen-fueled hybrids will someday replace
gasoline-powered models, with the sole exhaust
emission of water vapor. Currently General
Motors is sponsoring a US Postal Service demo in
Washington, DC of fuel cell vans.
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Web References

• http//www.cs.ualberta.ca/bulitko/aws/photo/03-08
  -10476km/index-Pages/Image133.html
• http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3732274.
  stm.
• http//auto.howstuffworks.com/hybrid-car.htm.
• http//www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1
  .html.
• http//www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_sbs.shtml
• http//www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybrid_news.shtml
• http//www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/tax_hybrid.shtml
• http//autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?mo
  delid11254srcLeftNav
• http//autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?mo
  delid11450srcvip
• http//autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?mo
  delid11440srcvip
• http//autos.msn.com/research/vip/overview.aspx?mo
  delid11048srcLeftNav
• http//automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview
  .asp?ModelNameCivicHybrid
• http//automobiles.honda.com/models/model_overview
  .asp?ModelNameInsight
• http//www.toyota.com/prius/
• http//www.fordvehicles.com/suvs/escapehybrid/
• http//unfcc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html
• http//hybridcars.about.com/od/glossaryofhybridcar
  term/g/pzev.htm
• http//oregonfuture.oregonstate.edu/gallery/23.htm
  l

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Textual References

• Alexander, David. Fueling the Next Generation.
  Automotive Engineering Intl. Sept 2004. 73-7.
• Carney, Dan. Lightweight Vehicle Engineering.
  Automotive Engineering Intl. Aug 2004. 65-8.
• Jost, Kevin. GM Fuel Cell for US Postal
  Service. Automotive Engineering Intl. Sept 2004.
  10-3.
• Jost, Kevin. Ultracapacitors Charge Ahead.
  Automotive Engineering Intl. Sept 2004. 46-53.
• Patterson, Allen. The 2004 Toyota Prius. Home
  Power. Sept 2004. 100-5.