II' Animal Diversity

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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed
Fishes - Placoderms (extinct survived to
Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class
Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class
Osteichthyes)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed
Fishes - Placoderms (extinct survived to
Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class
Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class
Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed
Fishes - Placoderms (extinct survived to
Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class
Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class
Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton -
air sac for respiration
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata c. Jawed
Fishes - Placoderms (extinct survived to
Permian) - Cartilaginous fish (Class
Chondrichthyes) - Bony Fish (Class
Osteichthyes) - light bone skeleton -
air sac for respiration - in Ray-finned
swim bladder (light, buoyant,
fast) save energy by floating
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- Bony Fish (Class Osteichthyes) - light
bone skeleton - air sac for
respiration - in Ray-finned swim
bladder (light, buoyant,
fast) - in Lobe-finned and lungfish
evolved jointed fins could support
weight on land, and breath with air
sac. (Devonian 400my)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d.
Amphibians
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d.
Amphibians - Evolved in Devonian (375 mya) -
Lungfish - fed on abundant terrestrial
Arthropods
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An extraordinary sequence of intermediates
documenting the colonization of land. The "red
gap" was filled in 2006.
365 mya
385 mya
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Eusthenopteron

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Panderichthys rhombolepis

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Tiktaalik roseae

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Acanthostega gunnari

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Ichthyostega sp. (remember ?)

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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d.
Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads,
Salamanders
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d.
Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads,
Salamanders - small lungs, respiratory skin
must stay moist
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata d.
Amphibians - Caecilians, Frogs and Toads,
Salamanders - small lungs, respiratory skin
must stay moist - eggs must stay moist
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e.
Reptiles evolved in Carboniferous (325 mya)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e.
Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell protects
embryo from desiccation (like a seed...)
embryo
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e.
Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell -
kidney to produce concentrated urine ...(reduces
water loss. reptiles and birds excrete their
nitrogenous waste as a paste (the white stuff in
a bird's droppings) that requires little water.)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata e.
Reptiles - amniotic egg with shell -
kidney to produce concentrated urine - scales
to reduce water loss from skin (correlating with
a larger lung compared to amphibians)
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From 250 to 200 mya, the formation of the
supercontinent of Pangaea created warm dry
climates that gave reptiles the edge.
Remember? This gave gymnosperms the edge, too...
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f.
Mammals Reptile to Mammal transitions -
deep history Pelycosaurs
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f.
Mammals Reptile to Mammal transitions -
deep history Pelycosaurs Therapsids
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f.
Mammals - traits
- hair (endothermy)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata f.
Mammals - traits
- hair (endothermy) - nurse young
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g.
Mammals - Development
- Lay eggs (Monotremes)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g.
Mammals - Development
- Lay eggs (Monotremes) - birth (Marsupials)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g.
Mammals - Development
- Lay eggs (Monotremes) - birth (Marsupials) -
birth of independent offspring (Placentals)
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g.
Mammals - Radiation
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds
- Reptilian Roots feathered dinosaurs and
endothermy
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds
- Reptilian Roots feathered dinosaurs and
endothermy
- flight
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II. Animal Diversity 3. Vertebrata g. Birds

• - one way lung

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even on an exhalation, new air is pulled through
the lungs... so birds even absorb oxygen on an
exhalation. One way transport is more efficient
(like a gut)...
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Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I.
Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns
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Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I.
Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns 1.
Fish
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A. Patterns 2. Tetrapods
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A. Patterns 3. Summary - innovation new
adaptive zone colonized (a new place, like an
island, or a new habitat (like land or the air).
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A. Patterns 3. Summary - innovation new
adaptive zone colonized - radiation
explosion of species colonizing new areas and
exploiting new environments in this new way
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A. Patterns 3. Summary - innovation new
adaptive zone colonized - radiation
explosion of species colonizing new areas and
exploiting new environments in this new way -
competitive contraction? winners exclude
others
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Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I.
Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns
B. Mechanisms - How/why is a new adaptive zone
colonized?
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Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I.
Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns
B. Mechanisms - How/why is a new adaptive zone
colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that
allows the organism to use resources in a new way
(adaptations to land adaptations for flight)
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Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I.
Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns
B. Mechanisms - How/why is a new adaptive zone
colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that
allows the organism to use resources in a new way
(adaptations to land adaptations for
flight) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area
(islands) these are ecological vacuums, too
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Summary - Patterns in Vertebrate Diversity I.
Innovation and Radiation A. Patterns
B. Mechanisms - How/why is a new adaptive zone
colonized? 1. Evolve a new way of life that
allows the organism to use resources in a new way
(adaptations to land adaptations for
flight) 2. Colonize an uninhabited area
(islands) these are ecological vacuums,
too 3. Be released from competition by mass
extinction of competitors