What is a granuloma

1
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid

2
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F

3
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes

4
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F

5
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F
• A collection of macrophages surrounded
• by epithelioid cells

6
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F
• A collection of macrophages surrounded
• by epithelioid cells T

7
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F
• A collection of macrophages surrounded
• by epithelioid cells T
• A characteristic feature of acute
• inflammation

8
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F
• A collection of macrophages surrounded
• by epithelioid cells T
• A characteristic feature of acute
• inflammation F

9
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F
• A collection of macrophages surrounded
• by epithelioid cells T
• A characteristic feature of acute
• inflammation F
• A host response to limit the spread of
• mycobacteria

10
What is a granuloma?

• Precipitation of mycolic acid F
• 2. A collection of granulocytes F
• A collection of macrophages surrounded
• by epithelioid cells T
• A characteristic feature of acute
• inflammation F
• A host response to limit the spread of
• mycobacteria T

11
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules

12
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F

13
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules

14
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F

15
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F
• Require help from CD4 Th1 cells to
• become effector T cells

16
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F
• Require help from CD4 Th1 cells to
• become effector T cells T

17
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F
• Require help from CD4 Th1 cells to
• become effector T cells T
• 4. Are important in virus infections

18
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F
• Require help from CD4 Th1 cells to
• become effector T cells T
• 4. Are important in virus infections T

19
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F
• Require help from CD4 Th1 cells to
• become effector T cells T
• Are important in virus infections T
• 5. Are essential for killing bacteria

20
Cytotoxic T cells

• Mainly express CD4 molecules F
• Interact with antigen presented by
• Class II MHC molecules F
• Require help from CD4 Th1 cells to
• become effector T cells T
• Are important in virus infections T
• 5. Are essential for killing bacteria F

21
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses

22
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T

23
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system

24
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T

25
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T
• Usually result in a lower affinity of antibody
• produced

26
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T
• Usually result in a lower affinity of antibody
• produced F

27
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T
• Usually result in a lower affinity of antibody
• produced F
• Are usually of greater magnitude than
• primary responses

28
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T
• Usually result in a lower affinity of antibody
• produced F
• Are usually of greater magnitude than
• primary responses T

29
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T
• Usually result in a lower affinity of antibody
• produced F
• Are usually of greater magnitude than
• primary responses T
• 5. Provide the basis for vaccination

30
Memory responses to antigens

• Usually occur more rapidly than primary
• responses T
• Are a feature of adaptive as distinct from
• the innate system T
• Usually result in a lower affinity of antibody
• produced F
• Are usually of greater magnitude than
• primary responses T
• 5. Provide the basis for vaccination T

31
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus

32
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F

33
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes

34
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F

35
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F
• 3. Are absent from the spleen

36
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F
• 3. Are absent from the spleen F

37
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F
• Are absent from the spleen F
• Develop into plasma cells

38
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F
• Are absent from the spleen F
• Develop into plasma cells T

39
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F
• Are absent from the spleen F
• Develop into plasma cells T
• 5. Have antibody as their antigen receptor

40
B lymphocytes

• Are produced in the thymus F
• Localise in the paracortical region of
• lymph nodes F
• Are absent from the spleen F
• Develop into plasma cells T
• 5. Have antibody as their antigen receptor T

41
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins

42
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T

43
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains

44
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F

45
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F
• 3. Stimulate macrophages via cytokine release

46
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F
• 3. Stimulate macrophages via cytokine release T

47
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F
• 3. Stimulate macrophages via cytokine release T
• 4. Stimulate B cells via cytokine release

48
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F
• 3. Stimulate macrophages via cytokine release T
• 4. Stimulate B cells via cytokine release T

49
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F
• 3. Stimulate macrophages via cytokine release T
• 4. Stimulate B cells via cytokine release T
• Of the CD4 subset are responsible for
• granulomas in TB

50
T lymphocytes

• Secrete interleukins T
• 2. Secrete antibody heavy chains F
• 3. Stimulate macrophages via cytokine release T
• 4. Stimulate B cells via cytokine release T
• Of the CD4 subset are responsible for
• granulomas in TB T

51
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions

52
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T

53
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains

54
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F

55
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F
• 3. One kappa light chain and lambda chain

56
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F
• 3. One kappa light chain and lambda chain F

57
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F
• 3. One kappa light chain and lambda chain F
• 4. J chain

58
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F
• 3. One kappa light chain and lambda chain F
• 4. J chain F

59
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F
• 3. One kappa light chain and lambda chain F
• 4. J chain F
• Disulphide bonds between the two light
• chains

60
A complete IgG molecule contains

• Two antigen binding regions T
• 2. Two alpha heavy chains F
• 3. One kappa light chain and lambda chain F
• 4. J chain F
• Disulphide bonds between the two light
• chains F