Please read this before using presentation

1
Please read this before using presentation

• This presentation is based on content presented
  at the 2007 Mines Safety Roadshow held in October
  2007
• It is made available for non-commercial use (eg
  toolbox meetings) subject to the condition that
  the PowerPoint file is not altered without
  permission from Resources Safety
• Supporting resources, such as brochures and
  posters, are available from Resources Safety
• For resources, information or clarification,
  please contact
• ResourcesSafety_at_docep.wa.gov.au
• or visit
• www.docep.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety

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Toolbox presentation Ventilation issues in
mining diesel exhaust emissions

• October 2007

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Legislation

• Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 Section 9
• Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995
  Part 9
• Ventilation and control of dust and atmospheric
  contaminants
• Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995
  Part 10 Division 4
• Specific requirements for underground mines
  diesel units

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What are diesel particulates?

• An exhaust emission from diesel engines
• Formed during the combustion process within
  engines
• Have elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon
  (OC) components
• Contain other components
• Elemental carbon is the analyte i.e. its what
  we measure to assess exposure

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What are diesel particulates? cont.

• It is of particular importance that the fuel
  entering at the mouth should be thoroughly
  consumed and without the formation of soot.
• Rudolf Diesel. From US Patent Number 00608845
  dated 9 August 1898

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What are diesel particulates? cont.

• Particles are rapidly formed in exhaust
• Comprise spherules (nm)
• Agglomerations (µm)
• High surface areas!

Source AIOH Guideline A Rogers
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Airborne particle size distribution in a
diesel-equipped mine
Source Airmet Scientific
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Particle size
Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_s
ystem
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Health effects of diesel particulates

• NIOSH 1988
• IARC 1989 probable carcinogen
• (International Agency for Research on Cancer)
• Diesel particulates are a vector for polycyclic
  aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other organics
• Short-term respiratory irritation
• Health effects of diesel particulates are
  recognised as a significant public health issue
  especially as more road vehicles are powered by
  diesel

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Emission control road fleet

• Western Australia
• Department of Environment and Conservation
  Cleanrun Program
• Federal (DOTARS)
• DT80 testing fuel tax credits for road vehicles

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Control methods

• Fuels
• Engine design and maintenance
• Emission control devices
• Ventilation
• Measuremement
• Exhaust emissions
• Employee exposure

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Fuels

• Fuel quality
• Low / ultra low sulphur
• Biodiesels
• Additives / conditioners
• Storage

Source http//www.dieselcraft.com/Fuel20Web20pa
ge_2.jpg
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Maintenance

• Adequate maintenance is essential to limiting
  diesel particulate emissions
• Scheduling of maintenance
• Placing vehicles out of service

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Emission control

• Catalytic converters
• Advanced catalytic converters
• Particulate filters
• Diesel oxidation catalysts
• Catalysed diesel particulate filters
• Temperature
• Insulation of exhaust systems
• Traffic management

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Diesel particulate filter
Source http//www.bloomberg.com/apps/data?pidavi
mageiidivfhybAdhM0c
Source http//www.meca.org/galleries/default-imag
e/diesel_particulate_filter.gif
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Monitoring emissions

• How often?
• What is the method being used according to
  manufacturers instructions?
• Measure smoke / particulate emissions?
• Smoke meters
• Opacity meters
• Integrated emission monitors
• Diesel Detective
• What emission levels are used?

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Monitoring personal exposure

• Ventilation Officer
• What monitoring is being done?
• What methods are being used?
• What are the results?
• What action is being taken?

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Diesel particulate exposure

• Underground mines
• MERIWA Report 195 (1996)
• MSHA Data
• DOCEP Resources Safety - CONTAM 05/06 quota
• Other exposures
• Vehicle maintenance workshops
• Small diesels used in enclosed areas
• Diesel-powered machinery handling materials in
  closed sheds
• Load-out tunnels
• Public exposures

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Contaminant monitoring CONTAM

• Diesel particulate (measured as elemental carbon)
  added as a contaminant
• Contaminant code DP
• Sampling equipment code DM
• Most underground mines had diesel particulates
  included in CONTAM quotas
• Diesel particulates will be included in other
  CONTAM quotas where relevant

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NIOSH analytical method
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DPM sampling SKC DP Cassette
Source SKC Inc
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Future developments

• Other sampling techniques
• Personal exposure monitoring
• Exhaust monitoring
• Diesel Detective exhaust monitor
• Auditing of fleet maintenance, emission control
  and testing
• DPM included in surface operation CONTAM quotas
  where potential exposures exist
• Research - MERIWA

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Further information

• MineSafe magazine articles
• A Guideline for the Evaluation and Control of
  Diesel Particulate in the Occupational
  Environment
• AIOH Davies and Rogers
• www.aioh.org.au (guideline is under Links and
  Resources / publications)
• MDG 29 Draft Guideline for the Management of
  Diesel Engine Pollutants in Underground
  Environments (24 January 2007)
• NSW - DPI
• www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/safety/publications/md
  g

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Further information cont.

• NIOSH US National Institute of Occupational
  Safety and Health Diesel emissions and
  measurement control in mining page
• www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/topicpage2.htm
• DieselNet online information service on clean
  diesel engines and diesel emissions
• www.dieselnet.com
• DEEP Diesel Emissions Evaluation Program
• www.deep.org
• US Mines Safety and Health Administration diesel
  page
• www.msha.gov/01-995/dieselpart.HTM