China and Japan

1
China and Japan
Part 6, Sino-Japanese War to the 1949 Communist
Victory in China.

• Gov/Hist 352
• Campbell University

2
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

• The war was over Korea. Japan believed that
  control of Korea was vital to its national
  interest.
• Japan also sought to block Russias movement into
  the Far East and Manchuria.
• The outcome of the war changed the worlds
  perception of both China and Japan. Popular
  opinion assumed China would easily overwhelm its
  little neighbor.
• Japan emerged from the conflict as a world power,
  China as the sick man of Asia.

3
Pre War Public Opinion

• The 1885 British musical, the Mikado illustrates
  popular opinion of the time. It opens with
• If you want to know who we are, /We are gentlemen
  of Japan On many a vase and jar,/ On many a
  screen and fan,/ We figure in lively paint/ Our
  attitudes queer and quaint.
• If you think we are worked by strings,/Like
  Japanese marionette,/You dont understand these
  things,/ It is simply court etiquette.
• Following the war, the U.S. Secretary of the Navy
  wrote, Japan has leaped almost at one bound to a
  place among the great nations of the earth.

4
Events Leading to War

• Japan opened Korea with a naval expedition, much
  as she had been opened by Perry. The result was
  the Treaty of Ganghwa (1876). It opened Korea to
  foreign trade (3 ports) and declared Korea
  independent from China.
• The young king of Korea invited the Japanese to
  send advisors and military instructors. The
  result was a coup and counter-coup in 1884. The
  king and queen were seized by a Japanese
  supported group, then rescued by the Chinese.
• War between Japan and China was temporarily
  prevented by the Convention of Tianjin of 1885.

5
Outbreak of War

• The Donghak Rebellion of 1894 sparked the war.
  Korea asked Chinese assistance in suppressing the
  rebellion. Troops were sent. Japan did
  likewise.
• Japanese ambitions led to the palace being seized
  and the old regent reinstalled. He then asked
  the Japanese to expel the Chinese.
• The Chinese reacted by sending forces across the
  Yalu plus reinforcements by sea. The armada was
  commanded by Admiral Ting, a former cavalry
  officer. He suffered a disastrous defeat at the
  Battle of the Yalu and retreated to Wei Hai.

6
Battles

• Japanese ground forces pushed the Chinese up the
  peninsula to Pyongyang and across the Yalu into
  Manchuria, eventually taking Port Arthur.
• The Japanese forces pursued the Chinese Northern
  Fleet to Wei Hai. They took the port by land and
  destroyed the fleet.
• The Japanese then occupied Taiwan without
  resistance.

7
Treaty of Shimonseki (1895)

• The treaty was negotiated Li Hongzhang and Ito
  Hirobumi. China was forced to accept harsh
  conditions
• Completely renounce suzerainty over Korea.
• Pay an indemnity of 300 million taels (200
  million).
• Open seven new ports for trade and extend most
  favored nation status to Japan.
• Cede the Liaotung Peninsula, Formosa (Taiwan),
  and the Pescadores to Japan.

8
The Triple Intervention

• Six days after the Treaty of Shimonoseki was
  signed, Russia (the instigator), France and
  Germany advised Japan that it would be wise to
  retrocede the Liaotung Peninsula. After a weeks
  delay, Japan agreed to do so.
• Within three years, Russia had leased the
  peninsula, established a naval base at Port
  Arthur and obtained agreement to build a link to
  the Trans Siberian Railroad.

9
Kang Youwei

• Kang Youwei and his protégé, Liang Qichao, were
  reformers who gained the attention of Emperor
  Guang Xu and initiated a massive reform program
  to redress Chinas humiliating defeat by Japan.
• In the absence of Prince Gong, Guang Xu was
  inspired to launch a preemptive coup against the
  Empress Dowager, Ci Xi. He was betrayed by Yuan
  Shikai and caught in a counter coup. Kang Youwei
  and Liang Qichao fled to Hong Kong and Japan,
  respectively.

Kang Youwei (1858-1027)
10
The Hundred Days Reform

• Prior to the coup, Kang Youwei had convinced
  Emperor Guang Xu that he could reform China in
  three years. Over the next 103 days (June
  11-September 20, 1898), he issued a string of
  edicts.
• Completely restructuring of the educational
  system.
• Modernizing of the armed forces.
• Establishing freedom of the press.
• Opening banks and chambers of commerce.
• Establishing government departments to encourage
  agriculture and mining.
• None of the edicts were ever enforced.

11
The Open Door Policy

• Chinas display of weakness in the Sino-Japanese
  War led to a scramble for concessions. These took
  the form of loans, railroad construction,
  long-term leases of territory and spheres of
  influence.
• Germany leased territory in Shantung.
• Russia leased Port Arthur.
• France leased land around Guangzhou Bay.
• Britain obtained Weihaiwei and the New
  Territories.
• The U.S. issued notes in 1899 and 1900 demanding
  equality of commercial opportunity and
  preservation of territorial integrity.

12
The Boxer Rebellion

• The Boxer Rebellion lasted from 1899 to 1901. It
  was an anti-foreign and anti-Christian rebellion
  supported by the Qing government. The legation
  compound in Peking was held under siege for 55
  days.

13
Impact of the Rebellion

• The rebellion resulted in the death of 400
  foreigners, missionaries, priest and nuns plus
  10s of thousands of Chinese Christians.
• The legation quarter was attacked on June 20. It
  held out against of 80,000 Boxers and 70,000
  Chinese troops with a 453-man combined force of
  guards until August 14.
• The relief force arrived just in time to save the
  legations.

The Boxer Rebellion was the media event of 1900.
The siege of the legation and rumored massacre of
foreign diplomats sold newspapers.
14
International Boxer Settlement

• The settlement was embodied in the Peace Protocol
  of September, 1901.
• The Chinese court with Ci Xi as regent continued
  to exist. Some advisors were allowed to commit
  suicide.
• Imposed an indemnity of 450 million taels (333
  million).
• Required the fortifications at Taku and along
  the route to Peking to be destroyed. Permitted
  foreign troops to be stationed along the route.
• Redefined the legation quarter and permitted
  foreign troops to be stationed in it.
• The Civil Service examinations were suspended for
  five years. (They were never resumed.)

15
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)

• During the Boxer Rebellion, Russia occupied
  Manchuria and refused to withdraw its troops
  while pressing China for greater concessions.
• Britain and Japan reacted with the Anglo-Japanese
  Alliance. With the British backing, Japan could
  act as needed to protect its interest in Korea
  and Manchuria.

Russias Occupation of Manchuria was a violation
of the Open Door and a source of alarm to Japan,
Britain and the U.S. Japan was seen as a
counterbalance to Russia.
16
Russo- Japanese War (1904-5)

• Japan crippled and then bottled up the Russian
  Pacific Fleet in a surprise attack on Port
  Arthur on February 8, 1904.
• Baltic Fleet sought to sail 18,000 miles to the
  rescue, but was destroyed in the Battle of the
  Tsushima Strait on May 27, 1905. The Russians
  lost 8 battleships and 5,000 men plus 6,000 taken
  prisoner.

Admiral Togo Heihachiro (a graduate of the
Britannic Naval College at Dartmouth) crossed the
T on the Baltic Fleet destroying the entire
line of battle in eight minutes.
17
Portsmouth Treaty, NH (1905)

• President Theodore Roosevelt received a Nobel
  Peace Prize in 1906 for hosting and mediating the
  negotiations.
• Russia agreed that Japans position in Korea was
  paramount. Five years later Japan annexed Korea.
• Russia transferred all rights in Liaotung
  including its South Manchurian Railroad to Japan.
  Japan soon occupied the area with its Kwantung
  Army
• Japan did not receive an indemnity. The U.S. was
  blamed and the treaty greeted with three-days of
  rioting.

Theodore Roosevelt
18
Sun Yat Sen and the Revolution

• Sun Yat Sen was the father of the Chinese
  Republic and president of the provisional
  government.
• Sun was born near Canton, sent to Hawaii with an
  older brother where he became interested in
  Christianity. He was baptized and studied
  medicine in Hong Kong. He practiced medicine
  briefly in Macao.
• Despairing the Qings ability to reform, he
  became a revolutionary and plotted an uprising in
  Canton. It was discovered he fled to Japan in
  1895.

Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925)
19
Sun and the Revolution

• Sun became world famous when Qing agents
  attempted arrest him in London in 1896.
• Sun sought support for the revolution among the
  Chinese diasporas around the world.
• In 1905, he formed the Tongminghui (Revolutionary
  Alliance) in Japan and promulgated his three
  principles nationalism, democracy and peoples
  livelihood.
• The Republican Revolution occurred in 1911with a
  military uprising. Sun was in the U.S. at the
  time. He returned to become president of the
  revolutionary government on Nanjing.

20
Fall of the Qing

• Military modernization led to regionalism. The
  main beneficiary was Yuan Shikai who became
  commander of the New Army in 1895 and
  Governor-General of Chihli from 1901-07. Yaun was
  allowed to retire in 1909 after his supporter,
  Ci Xi died.
• Ci Xi and Guangxu both died in 1908. The new
  emperor was an infant, Pu Yi.
• The Manchu began belated political reforms in
  1908. Provincial assemblies were elected in
  1909 and a central legislature in 1910. Both
  became antagonist of the Qing.
• In 1911, the Qing decision to nationalize the
  railway system caused a furor when government
  compensation proved meager. The republican
  revolution followed.

21
Yuan Shikai First President

• Yuan was the logical choice for president of the
  republic. He enjoyed foreign support, the
  loyalty of the New Army and the prestige of a
  reformer.
• The child-emperor abdicated in 1912 and Yuan
  accepted the presidency. He agreed to move to
  Nanjing but never did so.
• In 1916, Yuan had a Convention of Citizens
  declare China a monarchy with himself as emperor.
  The reaction was so negative that he abandoned
  his claim and died.

Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)
22
Twenty-One Demands

• The Twenty-One Demands were an attempt in
  January, 1915 to grab concessions from China when
  the western powers were preoccupied with WWI.
• Japan sought to keep the demands secret but China
  leaked them in the hope of obtaining western
  support. The U.S. was the only power to react,
  citing the Open Door policy.
• By May, the demands had been reduced to thirteen
  which were transmitted to China in the form of an
  ultimatum with a two day suspense.

23
Twenty-One Demands (Contd)

• The demands were divided into five groups
• 1. Recognition of Japanese rights in Shandong.
• 2. Extension of Japanese rights in Mongolia and
  Manchuria.
• 3. Sino-Japanese joint operation of Chinas
  largest steel company, the Han-Yeh-Ping..
• 4. Agreement that China was not to cede or lease
  any coastal area to any power other than Japan.
• 5. Obligated the Chinese to employ Japanese
  political, financial and military advisors
  permitted partial Japanese control of the Chinese
  police and required purchase of Japanese arms.

24
The Comintern Connection

• After Yuan Shikais failed attempt at monarchy,
  the provisional government moved to Canton. Sun
  Yat Sen was selected to be president, again.
• The western powers denied recognition and
  assistance to the provisional government.
• In 1923, Sun entered into an agreement with
  Comintern agent, Adolf Joffe, to receive
  Communist assistance in unifying China.
• Mikhail Borodin became his advisor to reorganize
  the Guomindang.
• Galen Blucher served as advisor for the
  nationalist army.

25
Chiang Kai-shek

• The Whampoa Military Academy was established in
  1924. Chiang Kai-shek was its commander. His
  position gave him a power base through the
  loyalty of its graduates.
• Chiang met Sun Yat Sen while studying in Japan
  and became a member of his Revolutionary
  Alliance.
• Chiang married Mayling Soong in 1927. Chiang
  would have been Sun Yat Sens brother-in-law had
  Sun not died two years earlier. He became a
  Christian in 1929 as a condition of his marriage
  to Mayling.

Chiang Kai-shek
26
The Northern Expedition (1926-7)

• In March 1926, Chiang declared martial law to
  reduce the influence of the CCP in the GMD. A
  split followed between Chiang and the GMD under
  president Wang Jingwei.
• The Northern Expedition was launched by Chiang in
  July 1926. The capital was moved from Canton to
  Wuhan, then Nanjing and finally Beijing.

27
Shanghai Massacre

• The success of Communist labor elements in
  seizing Shanghai as part of the Northern
  Expedition led to alarm among business interests.
  The Green Gang decided to directly back
  Chiang, freeing him from the need for Communist
  support.
• The Shanghai Massacre of April 12, 1927 was the
  beginning of the Chinese civil war. Chiangs
  forces executed between 5, 000 and 6, 000 in
  Shanghai and other cities in the suppression of
  the Communist labor movement.

28
Nationalist Government

• The nationalist government moved to Nanjing in
  1927 and remained there until 1937. Wang Jingwei
  and the GMD made peace with Chiang.
• A number of warlords joined forces with Chiang in
  the second phase of the Northern Expedition. The
  campaign only lasted two months before Beijing
  fell.
• China had been united superficially, but had yet
  to incorporate its many warlord factions.

Logo of the GMD Flag and national emblem of the
Republic of China
29
Mao Zedong

• In 1927, Mao Zedong wrote his now famous report
  from Hunan on the potential of rural revolution.
  It was a product of his successful Autumn Harvest
  Uprising.
• As a native of Hunan and a peasant, he knew the
  potential of the rural masses was being ignored
  by the CCP. From the Shanghai uprisings, he also
  concluded that the labor proletariat was too
  small in number to be effective.

Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
30
Back to Japan

• The folding fan is a Japanese invention.

31
Late Meiji Era Politics

• Success in the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese
  Wars allowed the military to take advantage of
  constitutional loopholes to manipulate the
  cabinet and bypass the Diet.
• The Chief of Staff of the General Staff reported
  directly to the Emperor in Command matters.
• As of 1900, only active duty officers could serve
  as Ministers of the Army and the Navy. The
  services could break the cabinet by recalling
  their minister.
• The cabinet accepted the idea of transcendental
  responsibility to the Emperor and, in turn, all
  of Japan. Its responsibilities therefore
  transcended the Diet.

32
Meiji Era Political Parties

• Two of the oligarchs, Ito Hirobumi and Yamagata
  Aritomo, continued to exercise power through
  protégés.
• Ito Hirobumi established Seiyukai to gain
  political power in the Diet. It became the ruling
  party with Katsura Taro (Yamagatas protégée)
  and Saionji Kimmochi (Itos protégée) serving
  alternately as prime ministers.
• Hara Kei became the organizational force behind
  Seiyukai. He built the party through pork
  politics and patronage in the provinces and
  bureaucracy.

33
Late Meiji Economic Power

• The Sino Russo-Japanese wars stimulated the
  Japanese economy, especially heavy industry.
• By 1906, Japan could produce ships comparable in
  size and quality to any in the world. The
  Japanese were advancing in other areas as well
  such as Electrical Engineering. Light industry
  continued to flourish.
• The ills of early industrialization led to labor
  unrest.
• The Ashio Copper Mines strike of 1909 involved
  violent outbreaks. Military force was used to
  quell them.
• The Tokyo Streetcar strike of 1911-12 caused
  great public inconvenience during the New Years
  season and led to many of the strike leaders
  being arrested..
• The Zaibatsu was the major beneficiary of
  economic growth.

34
Emperor Taisho

• The death of Emperor Meiji deeply affected the
  Japanese. He was succeeded by Yoshihito (reign
  name Taisho).
• Taisho suffered from meningitis which he
  contracted within three weeks of birth. It left
  him both physically and mentally impaired.
• Taisho was succeeded by Hirohito, the Showa
  Emperor, in 1926. His reign was the longest of
  all Japanese emperors, 1926 to 1989.

Emperor Taisho (r.1912-26)
35
Taisho Democracy

• When a reduction in government spending in 1912
  forced a choice between Seiyukais domestic
  program and two new army divisions, the army
  withdrew its minister, forcing the resignation of
  the Prime Minister Saionji.
• Public outrage was expressed in mass
  demonstrations by the protect constitutional
  government movement.
• Katsura Taros attempt to organize a cabinet
  apart from Seiyukai support led to a no
  confidence vote. A majority in the Diet had for
  the first time overthrown a cabinet.

36
The Taisho Imperialism

• Through its 1902 alliance with Britain, Japan was
  drawn into WWI on the side of the Allies against
  Germany. In that capacity, Japan seized German
  holdings on the Shandong Peninsula plus the
  Mariana (except Guam), Caroline and Marshall
  Islands.
• Emboldened by its victories in the Sino Russo-
  Japanese Wars, Japan took the opportunity of WWI
  to consolidate its position in China through the
  Twenty-One Demands in 1915.

37
Open Door Policy

• The Open Door policy was annunciated by U.S.
  Secretary of State John Hay in 1899. The key
  provisions were maintenance of Chinese
  territorial integrity and freedom of trade.
• The Open Door policy came into play for the first
  time during negotiation of the Twenty-One
  Demands. The U.S. took the position that should
  the Open Door be violated by any agreement forced
  upon China, it would simply fail to recognize
  that agreement. This was the first time the U.S.
  employed the threat of non-recognition.

38
Harbingers of Future Conflict

• The interests and sentiments of the Open Door
  ultimately put the U.S. and Japan on a collision
  course. This situation was aggravated by
• Failure of the the U.S., Canada and Australia to
  affirm racial equality at the Paris Peace
  Conference for fear it would lead to Japanese
  emigration.
• Yellow Peril propaganda, the San Francisco School
  Board decision to segregate Japanese (1906), the
  California Alien Land Law (1913), the Ozawa Case
  (1922) and the Oriental Exclusion Act of 1924.

1899 Political Cartoon
39
Shidehara Diplomacy

• Shidehara Kijuro was Japans representative at
  the Washington Conference and Foreign Minister,
  1924-27 and 1929-31.
• He believed that Japans future lay in peaceful
  economic expansion. His approach was supported by
  Japanese business interest.
• Thru his efforts Japan became a member of the
  League of Nations and returned sovereignty over
  Shandong to China while retaining its economic
  interests there.

Shidehara Kijuro (1872-1951)
40
Washington Disarmament Conference

• This nine-power conference (1921-22) had several
  significant results
• The Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty
  established an equilibrium in the Pacific through
  a fixed ration of capital ships U.S. Britain
  5 Japan 3 France and Italy 1.75.
• The Four- Power Pact replaced Japans alliance
  with Britain.
• The Nine-Power Treaty which acceded to the Open
  Door.
• Japan agreed to withdraw its forces from Siberia.

41
The Showa Restoration

• The Showa restoration was promoted by
  ultra-nationalist to restore imperial power and
  Japans proper place among world powers.
• Domestically, the Japanese population was
  dissatisfied with economic conditions due to the
  affects of the depression of 1929.
• Ultra-nationalist believed that the
  semi-democratic government of the Taisho era had
  capitulated to the west in agreeing to arms
  limitations.
• The treatment of Japanese in the west was a
  highly emotional issue

Hirohito, the Emperor Showa (r.1926-1989)
42
Super Nationalism

• The super nationalist believed that party
  government obtruded on the imperial will,
  advocated direct imperial rule and violent action
  to achieve it.
• The Cherry Society planned an unsuccessful
  military coup in 1931.
• In 1932, the head of Mitsui was assassinated.
• The May 15 (1932) a raid was staged in Tokyo,
  killing the prime minister.
• In 1936, the Imperial Way faction seized the
  center of Tokyo and killed a number of prominent
  leaders.

43
Manchukuo (1932-45)

• In 1931, the Japanese Kwantung army seized
  Mukden. By the end of 1932, the Japanese had
  invaded all of Manchuria.
• In 1932, Henry Puyi (the last Qing Emperor) was
  declared regent of the independent state of
  Manchukuo.
• The adjoining Chinese province of Jehol was
  invaded in 1933.

The dark red area was Manchuria in 1931.
44
Early Events

• A long string of events led to the Japanese
  invasion of Manchuria.
• Acquisition of Russian railway, port and
  territorial rights thru the Treaty of Portsmouth
  (1905).
• Annexation of Korea (1910).
• Increased rail and territorial privileges thru
  the Twenty-One Demands (1915).
• Japanese investment in Manchuria and China.
• The rise of extreme militarism.
• The assassination of Zhang Zuolin (1928).
• The Mukden Incident (1931) in defense of the
  South Manchurian Railroad.

45
Economic Interests

• Japan coveted the resources of Manchuria to
  achieve the level of economic independence
  necessary to wage total war.
• In 1928, Manchurias total agricultural
  production was valued at 650,000,000.
• By 1931, 63 of Japans investment in China was
  in Manchuria. After the conquest of Manchuria,
  the Japanese turned it into an industrial
  powerhouse.
• Shanghai was the other area of major Japanese
  investment, accounting for 25.

46
Zhang Zuolin

• The rail car carrying Zhang Zuolin back to Mukden
  from Beijing was blown up by the Japanese on June
  3, 1928.
• Zhang Zuolin was the warlord who controlled
  Manchuria plus four provinces in northern China
  from 1911 to 1928 as an essentially independent
  state. The Japanese were concerned that he had
  allied himself with Chang Kai-shek and the
  nationalist.
• He was succeeded by Zang Xueliang, his oldest son
  who came to be known as the Young Marshall.

Zhang Zuolin (1873-1928)
47
Emperor PuYi

• PuYi was invited to become chief executive of the
  Great Manchu Nation in 1932. Changchun was
  designated as the new capital.
• PuYi was declared emperor of Manchukuo in 1934
  with the era name of Kang De. He held that title
  until 1945.
• Sadly PuYi was nothing more than a puppet ruler
  of a puppet state. The U.S., Britain and
  Nationalist China never recognized the government
  of Manchukuo.

Henry PuYi (1906-1967)
48
The Red Army

• Zhu De joined Mao Zedong in 1928 on the
  Hunan-Jiangxi border. Together they developed
  the prototype Red Army. Zhu De was the military
  commander Mao was the political commissar.
• By 1931, they proclaimed the Chinese Soviet
  Republic with the agrarian policy of land to the
  tiller.
• Jiangxi became the Communist power center,
  replacing Shanghai and reflecting a major shift
  in doctrine.

Zhu De (1886-1976)
49
The Long March

• To crush the growing CCP strongholds, Chiang
  Kai-shek conducted five annihilation campaigns.
  The first four failed. However, the fifth in 1933
  created an untenable situation for the CCP.
• Communist forces broke out in 1934 and began an
  8,000 mile march to Shaanxi.
• One hundred thousand persons started the Long
  March. Only 10 reached the new base of Yanan in
  1935.

The red-hatched areas are Communist enclaves.
Those marked with Xs were overrun by GMD
forces. The dotted lines show retreat routes.
50
Expansion South of the Wall

• Conflict with Japan extended south of the Great
  Wall in 1932.
• A Japanese Buddhist Priest was killed in a brawl
  in Shanghai. Apologies, promises of indemnities,
  etc., were to no avail. The Japanese bombarded
  both Shanghai and Nanjing in reprisal.
• In Manchuria, the Young Marshalls forces lost
  Harbin and were forced to retreat to south of the
  wall. Significant numbers changed allegiance and
  stayed behind.

51
The United Front

• As part of the GMDs anti-Communist campaign,
  Zhang Xueliang (the Young Marshall) and his
  forces were directed to abandon Manchuria for
  Xian in the south. Zhang had little enthusiasm
  for the campaign.
• When Chiang Kai Shek flew to Xian in 1936 to
  demand action, he was seized by Zhang and held
  for 2 weeks until he agreed to a united front
  with the Communist against the Japanese invaders.

Zhang Xueliang (1901-2001)
52
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident

• The Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 began WWII
  in China, when shots were fired between Japanese
  and Chinese forces who accidentally encountered
  each other while on maneuvers.
• Chiang Kai-shek saw the incident as an attempt by
  Japan to completely separate northern provinces
  from Chinese control and incorporate them into
  the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Chiang
  was left no alternative but to fight a full scale
  war.
• Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing fell to the
  Japanese despite the heroic efforts of Chinese
  forces.

53
Battle of Shanghai

• Chinese resistance sought to stall the Japanese
  advance, allowing time to move vital industries
  to the interior and gain the support of Western
  Powers.
• The battle lasted from Aug.13 to Nov 26, 1937.
  Although victorious, the Japanese troops were
  demoralized by the staunch Chinese resistance.
  The myth of Japanese superiority had been
  exploded.

Following the bombing of the Shanghai South
Station, a terrified baby was found alive in the
wreckage
54
The Rape of Nanjing

• Japanese troops entered Nanjing on December 13,
  1937 after two days of bombardment.
• A total of 300,000 persons were executed and/or
  murdered in the next six weeks.
• 20 thousand women were raped and mutilated.
• Approximately 12,000 were killed in mass
  executions at the Ten-Thousand Corps Ditch.

General Iwani Matsui entering Nanjing. The
general was given an art collection that had
belonged to a Shanghai banker worth two million
dollars.
55
Sources Conflict with U.S.

• Japans continued expansion became a source alarm
  to the U.S.
• Citing the creation of the Greater Asian
  Co-Prosperity Sphere, Japan moved troops into
  Vietnam in 1942. Japans real objective was
  control of vital oil and mineral resources in
  SEA.
• The U.S., Britain and Holland imposed an embargo
  on scrap iron and oil.
• The U.S. was determined that Japan would withdraw
  from China and Indochina. The Japanese had to
  fight or retreat.

56
WWII In the Pacific

• The red areas are those occupied by Japan in
  1942. Hawaii is located to the east of the
  mapped area.

57
Attack on Pearl Harbor

• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at
  Pearl Harbor on Sunday morning at 753 a.m. on
  December 7, 1941 with 350 aircraft launched from
  six aircraft carriers. U.S. battleships were the
  most valued targets
• The strike was intended to protect Imperial
  Japan's advance into Malaya and the Dutch East
  Indies by neutralizing the U.S. Fleet.

The attackers came in two waves. The first wave
was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical
miles (252 km), but was misidentified as USAAF
bombers from the mainland.
58
Attack on Philippines

• On December 8, nine hours after the attack on
  Pearl Harbor, the Japanese struck Clark AFB and
  Iba Field on Luzon, destroying half the aircraft
  assigned to the Far East Air Force.
• General Douglas McArthur had been informed of the
  attack on Peal Harbor, but refused to authorize
  offensive action against the Japanese forces
  based on Formosa.

The FEAF possessed 35 B-17 D Heavy Bombers and
107 P-40 fighters. Almost all were destroyed on
the ground within a few days of the initiation of
hostilities.
59
Battle of the Philippines

• The first Japanese landing was on Luzon on
  December 8. The main force of 43, 110 landed on
  the beaches of Lingayen Gulf on December 22.
• On December 26, U.S and Filipino forces withdrew
  onto Bataan and Corregidor.
• Mac Arthur left for Australia on March 11, 1942,
  leaving General Jonathan Wainwright in command.
• Bataan surrendered on April 9, Corregidor on May
  6.

60
Bataan Death March

• Major General Edward P. King, Jr., surrendered
  more than 75,000 (66,000 Filipinos, 1,000 Chinese
  Filipinos, and 11,796 Americans) starving and
  disease-ridden men on April 9. It was the largest
  American force to surrender in history.
• The POWs were forced to march 90 miles to Camp
  ODonnell in 6 days. 54,000 lived to reach the
  camp.
• Many American POWs were later shipped to forced
  labor camps in Japan and Manchuria.

61
Flying Tigers

• The American Volunteer Group operated three
  squadrons of P-40, Warhawks, in China from
  December 20, 1941 to July 14, 1942 under contract
  to the Nationalist Chinese. The founder of the
  group was Claire Chennault, who had retired
  from the U.S. Army.
• The group was replaced by the 23 Fighter Group
  after the U.S. entered the war.

The Flying Tigers were credited with destroying
300 enemy fighters while only suffering the loss
of 14 of their own.
62
The Doolittle Raid

• Sixteen B-25 Mitchell bombers under the command
  of LTC James Doolittle were launched from the
  Hornet on April 18, 1942 to bomb Japan.
• The flew 650 miles to strike Tokyo (10) and other
  cities. Their intended recovery bases were in
  China. They never reached them. They ran short
  of fuel and had to crash land or bailout along
  the coast.

This was the first and only time that bombers
have taken off from a carrier. The take off run
was 467 ft. The B-25s were loaded with 4 500-lb
bombs and extra fuel.
63
Turning the Tide

• The Japanese occupied most of SEA including
  northern New Guinea and were threatening
  Australia.
• The battles of Midway (June 4-7, 1942) and
  Guadalcanal (Aug. 7, 1942 Feb. 7, 1942) were
  major turning points in the Pacific War.
• Island-hopping and submarine warfare further
  depleted Japanese forces.
• Japanese policy sacrificed human resources for
  little gain.

Sunk Japanese transport at Guadalcanal. Midway
and Guadacanal were major turning points in the
Pacific War.
64
Liberation of the Philippines

• He did return. The battle to regain control of
  the Philippines lasted from October 20, 1944 to
  September, 1945.
• The landing at Leyte was accompanied by the Naval
  Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 23-26. It was the
  largest naval battle of the Pacific War, involved
  the first Kamikaze attack and the amazing valor
  of Taffy 3.

General Douglas Mac Arthur and his staff landed
at Palo Beach, Leyte, on October 20, 1944.
65
The China Theater

• The war in China stagnated. The Nationalist
  government had retreated to Chongqing.
• To conserve its forces for the inevitable
  conflict with the Communist, the Nationalist
  refused to conduct offensive operations against
  the Japanese.
• The Communist in Yanan proved far more
  effective.

General Chiang Kai-shek, Madame Chiang and
General Joseph Stilwell.
66
Flying the Hump

• Lend-Lease supplies were the key to keeping
  Nationalist China in the war.
• When the Japanese cut the Burma Road in March
  1946, the last land route into China was closed.
  The U.S. then resorted to flying supplies over
  the Hump into China from India with C-47s and
  C-46s. The distance was 500 miles over the
  15,000 ft. hi foothills of the Himalayas.

The airlift started in July, 1942. In December
800 tons were moved. In July, 1945, 71,000 tons
were moved.
67
Battle of Okinawa

• The battle was the largest amphibious assault of
  the Pacific War. It involved 183,000 allied
  troops and 1,300 ships it lasted from April 1 to
  June 21, 1945, 87 days.

68
Battle of Okinawa (Contd)

• The Battle of Okinawa was a dress rehearsal for
  the invasion of Japan. Okinawa was to be the
  staging point.
• The Japanese defense consisted of 130,000 troops
  and was headquartered at Shuri Castle in the
  south near Naha.
• 1,900 kamikaze attacks occurred against Allied
  ships, sinking 21 U.S. ships and damaging 66
  others. The Yamato was sunk by allied air
  attacks.

U.S. Marines met little initial resistance on the
beaches only to encounter artillery fire from
caves and dug in positions.
69
Kamikaze
(Upper Left) The Ohka was a rocket powered human
guided missile produced late in the war. (Lower
Left) Zeroes selected for use as Kamikazes.
(Right) Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa who hit the USS
Bunker Hill.
70
Firebombing of Tokyo

• On March 9, 1945, 334 B-29s bombed Tokyo with one
  incendiary bomb every 50 feet. The strike took 2
  hours creating a firestorm that destroyed 16 sq.
  miles and killed 100,000 /- persons.
• If continued, some theorist believe that fire
  bombing alone would have forced the
  unconditional surrender of Japan. .

B-29s dropping incendiary bombs on Tokyo
71
Hiroshima and Nagasaki

• On August 6, 1945, a single B-29 dropped the
  first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. 80 of the city
  vanished. Sixty to 70,000 persons were killed
  140,000 injured.
• Three days later, an atomic bomb was dropped on
  Nagasaki killing 42,000 persons and injuring
  40,000.
• On August 15, the emperor announced over the
  radio in a recording that the war was lost.

72
Japanese Surrender

• In signing the Instrument of Surrender Japan
  agreed to the conditions of the Potsdam
  Declaration of July 26, 1945.
• The atomic bombing of Japan and the Soviet
  Unions entry into the war were the factors that
  finally forced the decision to surrender.
• The preservation of the imperial institution was
  a major Japanese concern.

General Umezu signed the surrender, September 2,
1945, on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
73
Japanese Constitution

• The current Japanese Constitution was enacted in
  1947 as an amendment to the Meiji Constitution.
• It established a parliamentary system similar to
  Englands with extensive written guarantees of
  freedom. It contained a renunciation of war as an
  instrument of national policy. The emperor was
  recognized as a symbol of the nation but stripped
  of all political power.

Meiji Constitution of 1889 (above). The 1947
constitution is frequently called the MacArthur
constitution but did reflect Japanese opinion.
74
Chinese Civil War

• By 1949, the entire map of China was Red.

75
Chiang Vs. Mao

• Chiang Kai-shek faced two problems the Communist
  and warlords, many of whom had been allied with
  the Japanese.
• Chiangs problems were compounded by his own past
  inaction against the Japanese, monumental
  governmental graft and corruption and low morale
  among Nationalist troops.

Mao and Chiang met in Chongqing in Aug-Oct, 1945
during the peace negotiations, but the alliance
was short lived.
76
The Conflict

• Chiangs defensive posture during WW II led to
  his being blamed for the Japanese conquest. It
  also left him out of position to receive the
  surrender of Japanese forces in Manchuria.
• George C. Marshall was sent to China in December,
  1945 to broker peace between the GMD and
  Communist, but neither would compromise. By
  mid-1946, full scale conflict erupted and
  Marshall withdrew his mission.
• Chiang disbanded 1.5 million soldiers from the
  armies of warlords who had cooperated with the
  Japanese, only to see them defected in mass to
  the Communist. They brought large quantities of
  Japanese munitions with them.

77
The Conflict (Contd)

• Chiang held the cities, while Mao controlled the
  countryside.
• In spite of considerable economic aid from the
  U.S. the Nationalist regime became increasingly
  ineffective. Internal rivalries and conflicts
  plus massive inflation led to a loss of public
  confidence.
• Attempts to achieve reform were resisted even to
  the point of assassinations.
• In January 1949, the PLA captured Beijing. In
  December 1949, Chiang declared Taipei, Taiwan the
  temporary capital of China.

78
The End