MOT Course 7

1
MOTCourse 7

• Dr. Alexandra Cristea
• a.i.cristea_at_tue.nl
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/alex/

2
Adaptive System course parts

• Adaptive Systems, Generalities
• User Modeling
• Data representation for AS
• Data manipulations for AS
• Adaptive Hypermedia as AS
• Authoring for Adaptive Hypermedia
• LAOS for AH
• LAG for AH
• MOT for AH
• Learning Styles in AH
• Other types of Adaptive Systems
• Conclusions

3
Outline

• Adaptive Hypermedia of the Past, Present and
  Future
• Example systems and applications
• AH Reference architectures AHAM
• Authoring for Adaptive Hypermedia
• AH Authoring reference architecture LAOS
• A closer look on adaptation design LAG
• Learning Styles in Adaptive Hypermedia
• Authoring system MOT
• Delivery System AHA!
• Conclusions

4
MOT

• pronounced moh like the French word for word
• My Online Teacher
• Site http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/mot.html

5
Papers on MOT

• implementation papers
• first (educational) MOT paper (ITCC'03)
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/Minerva/pap
  ers/ITCC03-cristea-mooij.doc
• MOT automatic linking paper (ITC'03)
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/Minerva/pap
  ers/ITC03-cristea-mooij.doc
• MOT evaluation papers
• URD evaluation (CATE'03)
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/Minerva/pap
  ers/CATE-cristea-mooij.doc
• Student evaluations (SAC04, ATL journal 04)
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/Minerva/pap
  ers/CristeaSAC04CameraReadyLast2give.doc
• http//www.actapress.com/onlinejournals/208vol1,2
  02004/issue_2/208-0805.pdf

6
MOT Download site

• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/

7
MOT Installation instructions for Windows MAIN
STEPS

• Download all the previous files
• Install Apache. Install MySql.
• Install Perl.
• Install DBI DBD packages
• rest of instructions on the site

8
LAOS

• based on AHAM
• supporting adaptive hypermedia authoring
• five layers
• Domain Model (DM)
• Goal and constraints Model (GM)
• User Model (UM)
• Adaptation Model (AM)
• Presentation Model (PM)

9
Creation of the LAOS Domain Model

• Domain Model in MOT is represented by a list of
  Domain Maps, called Concept maps

10
Conceptmaps in MOT

• each concept map corresponds roughly to a book
  as is required by the LAOS model
• these books should describe different topics
• however, just as in reality, different books may
  treat a similar topic

Please note that the current conversion system
does not deal with this
11
Steps to MOT system usage

• Try-out steps
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/hel
  p/steps2MOTsystemUsage.txt
• http//e-learning.dsp.pub.ro/mot/
• MOT user guide
• MOT generalities installation

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author username
Domain maps
the authors own maps
other authors maps
13
MOT Conceptmap

• Consists of a hierarchy of concepts and their
  attributes

14
Conceptmap name
Concept hierarchy
Current concept
attributes of the current concept
15
Concept attributes in the Conceptmap

• Should contain ONLY domain-related content
• So no prerequisites, no pedagogic information

16
Concept attribute creation
concept attribute
Current concept
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Editing an attribute

• text input window in the left hand panel
• cut paste any type of text you wish,
• including HTML/ XML !!
• Condition you are the author of this conceptmap.

18
Adding children concepts
Adding more attributes
Adding Relatedness relations
Do not use for conversion into AHA!
19
Checking if you know how to create DM

• To check if you know how to create Conceptmaps of
  the Domain Model in MOT, you should try Testing
  Part 1 in
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/hel
  p/tasksMOTtesting.doc

20
LAOS

• based on AHAM
• supporting adaptive hypermedia authoring
• five layers
• Domain Model (DM)
• Goal and constraints Model (GM)
• User Model (UM)
• Adaptation Model (AM)
• Presentation Model (PM)

21
Creation of the LAOS Goal and Constraints Model

• Goal and Constraints Model in MOT is represented
  by a list of Lesson Maps, called Lessons

22
Lessons in MOT

• Lessons are filtered versions of the (domain)
  Conceptmaps
• they actually represent an overlay model with
  pedagogic information
• Lessons contain prerequisites
• Lesson contain ordering
• Lessons contain labels their respective weights

23
Lessons by the current author
Lessons by other authors
24
Weights of sublesson
Labels of sublesson
Ordering of lessons
25
Group alternatives
Group of Sub- lessons
26
Changing sub-lesson order
27
Changing weights labels for sublessons
28
Note

• The meaning of the weights labels is given by
  the adaptation strategy!

29
Checking if you know how to create GM

• To check if you know how to create Lessons of the
  Goal and Constraints Model in MOT, you should try
  Testing Part 2 in
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/hel
  p/tasksMOTtesting.doc

30
LAOS

• based on AHAM
• supporting adaptive hypermedia authoring
• five layers
• Domain Model (DM)
• Goal and constraints Model (GM)
• User Model (UM)
• Adaptation Model (AM)
• Presentation Model (PM)

31
LAG

• LAOS adaptation model
• direct adaptation techniques / rules
• IF-THEN, or condition-action (CA) rules
• adaptation language
• adaptation strategies adaptation procedures

32
What does the adaptation language do?

• Captures adaptation patterns, typical for AHS,
  for reuse
• We start with a set of desired adaptive behavior
• While, For Break, Generalize, Specialize
• Conditions, Enough conditions
• Inherited from direct adaptation techniques If,
  Action

33
LAG Grammar as implemented in MOT

• PROG ? STATEMENT
• STATEMENT ? IFSTAT WHILESTAT FORSTAT
  BREAKSTAT GENSTAT SPECSTAT (STATEMENT)
  STATEMENT ACTION

34
IF, FOR, WHILE, BREAK

• IFSTAT ? if CONDITION then (STATEMENT)
• WHILESTAT ? while CONDITION do
  
• (STATEMENT)
  TARGETLABEL
• FORSTAT ? for RANGE do (STATEMENT)
• TARGETLABEL
• BREAKSTAT ? break SOURCELABEL

35

• RANGE ? integer
• LABEL ? text
• TARGETLABEL ? text
• SOURCELABEL ? text_label_a

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Generalize, Specialize

• DM is concept map with hierarchy

Generalize
Specialize
37
GENERALIZE, SPECIALIZE

• GENSTAT ? generalize((CONDITION))
• SPECSTAT ? specialize((CONDITION))

38
Action, Generalize, Specialize
39
ACTION, CONDITION

• ACTION ? ATTRIBUTE OP VALUE
• CONDITION ? enough((PREREQ), VALUE) PREREQ
• PREREQ ? ATTRIBUTE COMPARE VALUE
• VALUE ? text

40
Generic vs. specific concepts

• Concepts used in operations or conditions can be
  generic or specific.
• Generic concepts represent all concept of a
  certain type.
• When used in a strategy, a generic usually
  concept represents the current concept.
• Strategies with generic concepts only can be
  applied to any Conceptmap or Lesson.
• Specific concepts denote one concept only, from a
  specific Conceptmap or Lesson.

under certain conditions
41
Generic vs. specific concepts

• ATTRIBUTE ? GENCONCEPT SPECCONCEPT
• GENCONCEPT ? CM_type.concept.attr
  CM_type.concept.attr_z
• SPECCONCEPT ? CM_x.concept_y.attr_z

42
LAG Grammar for MOTadapt interface

• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/Minerva/pap
  ers/cristea_ITCCWebEngineering2give.doc

43
Interface start
44
If, While, For
45
Action, Generalize, Specialize
46
Conditions enough conditions
number of conditions to fulfill
47
Verification

• Checking parse tree
• No variable types in MOT gt
• if attr_x lt 10 attr_y gt 5 then is illegal,
  because isnt a Boolean operator. However, we
  cannot determine if if attr_x lt 10 and attr_y gt
  5
• user-interface can enforce this partial check
• allows only Boolean operators between the
  attribute-conditions in a guard context

48
Adaptive procedure (call)
49
Adaptive Mini-strategies
50
While If
51
Generic vs. Specific attributes
52
Try-out

• You can tryout MOTadapt based on GIAL at
• http//e-learning.dsp.pub.ro/motadapt/
• Note in your project, for the adaptation model,
  you will use the extended LAG language written in
  text documents.

53
Extended LAG for MOT

• For more expressivity and addressing different
  attributes of concepts, some extensions were
  performed
• Addressing of concepts their contents was
  improved
• Global structure of the strategy was improved

54
Concepts their contents

• Stressing the overlay structure of user model on
  top of
• Conceptmaps (DM)
• UM.DM.stereotype1 beg
• or Lessons (GM)
• UM.GM.stereotype1 beg
• or as independent variables
• UM. stereotype1 beg

55
Concepts their contents

• Stressing the overlay structure of presentation
  model on top of
• Conceptmaps (DM)
• PM.DM.show true
• or Lessons (GM)
• PM.GM.show true

56
Special attributes

• Event attributes
• Access a concept has been seen by the user
• UM.DM.Concept.access TRUE
• Hierarchy attributes
• Parent the parent concept of a given concept
• DM.Concept.parent
• Child the child concept of a given concept
• GM.Concept.parent

57
Presentation model versions

• the presentation model (e.g., reflected in the
  AHA! delivery engine)      PM.GM.next true
• // next button appears, showing the
  next most appropriate concept            //accord
  ing to the order in MOT and the showability
        PM.GM.ToDo true // a list of items still
  to open appears, that are
• //showable and have not been
  visited yet           // their order reflects
  the order in MOT       PM.GM.TOC true // table
  of contents that is already used in AHA,
• // should be also able to
  dissapear

58
Type Order of Attributes

• Type of Attributes (in Lessons) usage
• GM.Concept.Attribute.Type Title
• Order of Attributes (in Lessons) usage
• GM.Concept.Attribute.Order

59
Overall structure of the adaptation strategy

• // Description
• // Variables
• initialization ()
• implementation ()

60
Example strategies

• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/MOT
  2AHA!/mot2aha-v4.txt
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/MOT
  2AHA!/mot2aha-beg-int-adv.txt
• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/MOT
  2AHA!/mot2aha-beg-int-adv.txt

61
Extended LAG Adaptation strategy example

• // DESCRIPTION
• // strategy which shows the beginner concepts
  first (together with the concepts for all
  learners)
• // after all beginner concepts are read, the
  intermediate concepts are shown as well
• // finally, after all the intermediate concepts
  are read, the advanced concepts are shown and the
  course can be viewed completely
• // Note this is inspired from games, where the
  player can only look at the current level at the
  beginning, but when he manages to finish the
  level, he can access the next level, as well as
  all the levels below.
• // VARS
• // UM.GM.beginnerno, UM.GM.intermediateno,
  UM.GM.advancedno, GM.Concept.label,
  PM.GM.Concept.show, UM.GM.Concept.first,
  UM.GM.stereotype1

62
Extended LAG Adaptation strategy example

• initialization(
• // INITIALIZATION
• // initialize as beginner
• UM.GM.stereotype1 beg
• // initialize sets of lesson concepts for
  stereotypes
• // AHA! 'personal' variable name
  'GMname''stereotypename'
• UM.GM.beginnerno 0
• UM.GM.intermediateno 0
• UM.GM.advancedno 0
• //
• )

63
Extended LAG initialization

• // as long as still general concepts available,
  make those readable
• while GM.Concept.label null
• (
• PM.GM.Concept.show true
• UM.GM.Concept.first true
• )
• // compute number beginner texts
• // as long as still beginner concepts available,
  make those readable
• while GM.Concept.label beg
• (
• UM.GM.beginnerno 1
• PM.GM.Concept.show true
• UM.GM.Concept.first true
• )

64
Extended LAG initialization

• // compute number of intermediate texts
• while GM.Concept.label int
• (
• UM.GM.intermediateno 1
• UM.GM.Concept.first true
• )
• // compute number of advanced texts
• while GM.Concept.label adv
• (
• UM.GM.advancedno 1
• UM.GM.Concept.first true
• )

65
Extended LAG implementation

• implementation (
• // IMPLEMENTATION
• // remove already access items
• if enough(
• UM.GM.Concept.access true
• UM.GM.Concept.first true
• GM.Concept.label beg
• ,
• 3 ) then
• (
• UM.GM.beginnerno - 1
• UM.GM.Concept.first false
• )
• )

66
Extended LAG implementation

• // change from beginner to intermediate if it is
  appropriate
• if (UM.GM.beginnerno 0) then
  UM.GM.stereotype1 int
• // show to intermediate only what is relevant
• if enough(
• GM.Concept.label int
• UM.GM.stereotype1 int
• ,
• 2 ) then
• (
• PM.GM.Concept.show true
• )

67
Extended LAG implementation

• // remove already access items
• if enough(
• UM.GM.Concept.access true
• GM.Concept.label int
• UM.GM.Concept.first true
• ,
• 3 ) then
• (
• UM.GM.intermediateno - 1
• UM.GM.Concept.first false
• )
• // change from intermediate to advanced if it is
  appropriate
• if (UM.GM.intermediateno 0) then
  UM.GM.stereotype1 adv

68
Extended LAG implementation

• // show to advanced only what is relevant
• if enough(
• GM.Concept.label adv
• UM.GM.stereotype1 adv
• ,
• 2 ) then
• (
• PM.GM.Concept.show true
• )
• )

69
Another example

• initialization (
• while true (
• PM.GM.Concept.show false
• )
• '\Neural Networks II\Neural Networks
  I\title'.show true
• )
• implementation (
• if (UM.GM.Concept.access true)
  (GM.Concept.child.parent.order lt 9)
• then (
• PM.GM.Concept.child.show true
• )
• if (UM.GM.Concept.access true)
  (GM.Concept.parent.parent.child.child.parent.order
  GM.Concept.parent.order1) then (
• PM.GM.Concept.parent.parent.child.child.show
  true
• )
• )

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Note

• generalize specialize cannot be translated at
  the moment!!!

71
MOT terms glossary

• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/hel
  p/MOTterms-glossary.txt

72
MOT Glossary extract

• adaptation assembly language this language is
  the basis of adaptive hypermedia adaptation. It
  consists of IT-THEN constructs.
• adaptation strategy adaptation strategies are
  equivalent to small programs telling the
  inference engine how to adapt to the student's
  needs. These strategies are written in MOT-ADAPT,
  in a special language developed, called
  adaptation language, or in adaptation assembly
  language. See adaptation language and adaptation
  assembly language.
• adaptation language the adaptation language is a
  language for creating adaptation strategies. It
  borrows some language constructs from other
  programming languages, but also offers some
  structure dependent constructs, that use the MOT
  concept domain hierarchy. See also, for the
  actual programming constructs and grammar, the
  document LAGgrammar.doc

73
MOT Glossary extract

• adaptation map all the information about the
  actual dynamics of the system is contained in the
  adaptation map. In MOT, the adaptation map is
  represented by an instantiated adaptation
  strategy.
• adaptation model the adaptation model in MOT is
  based on the LAOS model. This model is also
  called the LAG model. The adaptation model is
  instantiated in the adaptation map. The
  instantiation takes place by creating adaptation
  strategies with the help of adaptation language.
• AM same as adaptation map.

74
MOT Glossary extract

• concept a concept in MOT is built of a
  collection of attributes. A concept can have
  sub-concepts, if it is part of a hierarchy
  (hierarchical relation). A concept can belong to
  a domain model, a lesson model, a user model and
  a presentation model. A concept is instantiated
  in a concept instance.
• Conceptmap This is a historical name for the
  domain map. See domain map.
• concept map All the information in MOT is
  structured in concept maps. These are graph
  instances with nodes and links between them. Most
  links in MOT are directional. The most frequently
  used link type in concept maps in MOT is the
  hierarchical link type. See also Concept,
  Conceptmap.

75
MOT Glossary extract

• domain concept map same as domain map.
• domain map The domain map is a concept map
  containing all the nodes, links and structures
  that correspond to the domain model. It is an
  instantiation of the domain model. Moreover, the
  domain map in MOT also links to the actual
  resources of the course.
• domain model the domain model in MOT is based on
  the LAOS model. The domain model in MOT is
  instantiated in the domain map. See also
  DefinitionsLAOS.doc for the same item.

76
MOT Glossary extract

• GM same as goal and constraints map.
• goal and constraints model the LAOS goal and
  constraints model is represented in MOT by the
  lesson model, and instantiated in the lesson
  maps. See also DefinitionsLAOS.doc for the same
  item.

77
MOT Glossary extract

• LAG model this is the 3-layered model of
  adaptation in LAOS. It is built of adaptation
  strategies, adaptation language and adaptation
  assembly language.
• LAOS model the LAOS model is the theoretical
  framework of the MOT system. MOT doesn't
  implement at present the whole LAOS model. See
  also DefinitionsLAOS.doc for the same item.

78
MOT Glossary extract

• lesson same as lesson map.
• lesson map the lesson map is an instantiation of
  the lesson model. The lesson map in MOT is a
  concept map containing all the nodes, attributes,
  links and structures that correspond to the
  pedagogical model. If the aim is not at
  education, than it contains goal related
  information and linking. Relations such as
  prerequisites appear in the lesson map. The
  lesson map will in future contain also attributes
  allowing narrative smoothing.
• lesson model the lesson model is a goal and
  constraints model for educational purposes. It
  can, however, be streched for extended usage. LM
  same as lesson map.

79
MOT Glossary extract

• MOTadapt same as MOT-ADAPT.
• MOT-ADAPT This is actually a part of MOT, but it
  was developed later, and therefore has a
  different name for distinction. It refers only to
  the authoring of the adaptive strategies, based
  on adaptation language and adaptation assembly
  language.
• MOT My Online Teacher, pronounced "moh" like the
  French word for "word". It is an Authoring System
  for (Educational) Adaptive Hypermedia. It is
  built in Perl and works with MySQL databases.
  pedagogic strategy this is an adaptation
  strategy with pedagogical purpose. See also
  adaptation strategy.

80
MOT Glossary extract

• presentation map the presentation map is an
  instantiation of the presentation model. The
  presentation map contains all the nodes,
  attributes, links and structures populated with
  the information that corresponds to the
  presentation on the screen. Attributes about the
  color of the background or forground, booleans
  about if something is presented or not, display
  dependent attributes are all in this map. MOT's
  presentation map will soon be available. At the
  moment, MOT features only two types of
  presentations teacher view and student view.
• presentation model this model is based on the
  LAOS model. See also DefinitionsLAOS.doc for the
  same item.

81
MOT Glossary extract

• UM same as user map.
• user map the user map is an instantiation of the
  user model. The presentation map contains all the
  nodes, attributes, links and structures populated
  with the information that corresponds to the
  user. Such information can be user knowledge,
  preferences, learning style, but also access of
  different concepts in the domain maps or lesson
  maps, etc. This feature is not present in the
  current version of MOT.
• user model this model is based on the LAOS
  model. See also DefinitionsLAOS.doc for the same
  item.

82
MOT compact version download site for the course

• http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/acristea/HTML/USI/MOT/
• Files to download
• MOT2AHA!/ 07-Dec-2004 1432 -
• dbupdate.txt 13-Apr-2003 2141 1k
• good-perl.pl 01-Dec-2003 1655 2k
• help/ 15-Sep-2004 0917 -
• mot-03.1.zip 19-Apr-2003 2024 467k PKWare ZIP
  archive
• mynewdump-testdb2.dat 07-Dec-2004 1628 607k

For LAOS Domain Goal and Constraints models
only