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Adaptive Hypermedia 2ID20 Course 5

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Title: Adaptive Hypermedia 2ID20 Course 5


1
Adaptive Hypermedia 2ID20Course 5
Application of Learning Styles in AHA!
  • Natalia Stash
  • January 12, 2005

2
Contents
  • AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
  • Learning styles (LS) in Adaptive Hypermedia
    (Recap.)
  • Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
  • Application of the Strategies in AHA!
  • Assignment

3
Contents
  • AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
  • Learning styles (LS) and Adaptive Hypermedia
  • Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
  • Application of the Strategies in AHA!
  • Assignment

4
AHA! Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture
  • Main characteristics
  • Tools
  • adaptive hypermedia engine as adaptive web server
    extension
  • graphical authoring tool for concept
    relationships
  • forms and multiple-choice tests
  • Methodology
  • conditional inclusion of fragments
  • adaptive link hiding or annotation
  • adaptation in local and remote pages
  • pages in HTML or XML format
  • flexible user model (arbitrary concepts
    attributes)
  • event-condition-action (ECA) rules

5
Example from 2L690
  • 1. Before reading about history of hypermedia the
    URL page shows
  • In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system,
    developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from
    1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that
    part could be missing.
  • 2. Before reading about Xanadu the URL page
    shows
  • In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system,
    developed by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from
    1965 on) there was only one protocol, so that
    part could be missing.
  • 3. After reading about Xanadu this becomes
  • In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that
    part could be missing.

6
AHA! Architecture
7
AHA! Adaptive Functionality
8
AHA! Standard XHTML
  • AHA! 3.0 adds support for standard XHTML, with
    conditional object inclusion

9
Conditional Inclusion of Objects for AHA!
  • page retrieval gt parse stream
  • when ltobjectgt tag with type aha/textis
    encountered in parse stream
  • - adaptation rules of the object concept are
    executed, as a result
  • - a resource to include is selected inserted
    into the parse stream
  • included data may also contain ltobjectgt tags
  • - objects may include other objects
  • - danger infinite recursive object inclusion !!!

10
Adaptive Link Hiding Annotation
  • AHA! recognizes 2 classes of links
    conditional unconditional
  • lta hrefpage.xhtml classconditionalgtlink
    anchorlt/agt
  • The engine translates links to good, neutral and
    bad
  • lta hrefpage.xhtml classgoodgtlink
    anchorlt/agt
  • AHA! uses stylesheet in (x)html page for link
    colors
  • ltstyle type"text/css"gt
  • a.Goodlink text-decoration none color
    0000ff
  • a.Goodvisited text-decoration none color
    0000ff
  • a.Neutrallink text-decoration none color
    7c007c
  • a.Neutralvisited text-decoration none
    color 7c007c
  • lt/stylegt

11
AHA! Example application page
  • lt!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM aha/AHAStandard/xhtml1-str
    ict.dtdgt
  • lthtml xmlnshttp//www.w3.org/1999/xhtmlgt
  • ltheadgt
  • lttitlegtExample of AHA! with XHTMLlt/titlegt
  • ltheadgt
  • ltbodygt
  • lta hrefpage.xhtml classconditionalgtlink
    anchorlt/agt
  • lta hrefconceptname classconditionalgtlink
    destinationlt/agt
  • ltobject nameapplicationName.object1
    typeaha/text /gt
  • lt/bodygt
  • lt/htmlgt

12
Setting up an adaptive site with AHA!
  • To start using AHA! you should perform the
    following steps
  • Download the Tomcat webserver and start at
    http//localhost8080/admin
  • Install AHA! 3.0. We assume you use directory
    c/aha on a Windows machine (but any directory in
    Windows or Unix should work)
  • Start Tomcat (with disconnected network) and
    create a new context for AHA!
  • Perform automatic configuration at
    http//localhost8080/aha/Config (see
    Configuring AHA! slide)
  • Optional Restart the Tomcat server and go to the
    configuration page again to create authors and
    applications

13
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14
Creating an AHA! Context
15
Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
16
Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
17
Creating an AHA! Context (cont.)
18
AHA! Automatic Configuration
  • The first time you go to http//localhost8080/aha
    /Config the following message appears
  • The automatic configuration is then completed and
    you have to restart the Tomcat server.
  • You can then login using aha
    and an empty password.

19
Configuring AHA!
  • The configuration tool lets you create and edit
    manager properties, authors and applications
  • Note the conversion options between the XML
    authoring formats and the AHA! engines internal
    format

20
AHA! Directory Structure
  • Structure in the AHA! directory tree
  • AHAStandard contains all publicly needed DTDs
  • WEB-INF AHA! configuration files and classes
    subdirectory tree (for servlets)
  • lib class subdirectory tree for authoring
    applets
  • xmlroot XML database storage for DM/AM and UM
  • author/authorfiles all files used and created by
    the authoring tools
  • list of authors and for each author a directory
    with the authors applications
  • concept templates (types of concepts with their
    attributes)
  • concept relationship types (with their adaptation
    rules)
  • for each AHA! application a subdirectory tree

21
Authoring for AHA! (with AHA! tools)
  • Authoring is about
  • content alternatives, adaptation techniques
    ultimately the whole user-interaction mechanism
    design.
  • It is crucial to support the authors during this
    process.
  • AHA! authoring tools for creating the DM/AM
  • - Concept Editor (low-level tool)
  • - Graph Author (high level tool)
  • Currently there is no specific AHA! tool for
    creating the application content

22
The Graph Author
23
Contents
  • AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
  • Learning styles (LS) and Adaptive Hypermedia
    recap.
  • Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
  • Application of the Strategies in AHA!
  • Assignment

24
Learning styles AH
  • ARTHUR, iWeaver, MANIC, CS388 sensory
    preferences
  • AEC-ES field-dependent (FD) independent (FI)
  • LSAS, CS388 global-sequential (Felder-Silverman)
  • Tangow sensing-intuitive dimension
    (Felder-Silverman)
  • INSPIRE Honey and Mumford model
  • etc..

25
Types of Strategies
  • Instructional strategies
  • - selection of media items
  • - ordering information or providing different
    navigation paths
  • Instructional meta-strategies inference or
    monitoring strategies

26
Instructional Strategiesselection of media items
27
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28
Presentation of MOT user guide to Verbalizer
versus Imager
29
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30
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31
Instructional Strategiesordering information or
providing different navigation paths
32
Honey and Mumford model
Activist I like to have a go and see what happens
Pragmatists I like tried and tested techniques
that are relevant to my problems
Theorist I like to tidy up and reach some
conclusions
Reflector I like to gather information and mull
things over
33
AH response for Honey and Mumford model
  • Concept representations
  • Activity
  • Example
  • Exercise
  • Theory/ Explanation

Concept representations order
Activist Activity Example Theory/Explanation
Exercise Reflector Example Theory/Explanation
Exercise - Activity
34
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35
FD vs. FI treatment (Recap.)
  • FD learners prefer
  • structures,
  • social content,
  • material relevant to own experience.
  • AH systems respond by
  • providing navigational support tools (CM, path
    indicator, advanced organizer) adaptive
    navigation support

36
FD vs. FI treatment (Recap.)
  • FI learners
  • perceive analytically,
  • make concept distinctions,
  • prefer impersonal orientation.
  • AH systems respond with
  • learner control arbitrary succession of course
    material.
  • Sometimes explicit switching between FI FD.

37
Instructional meta-strategies inference or
monitoring strategies
  • Inferring preferences for
  • certain types of information text vs. image
  • reading order breadth-first vs. depth-first

38
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39
Contents
  • AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
  • Learning styles (LS) and Adaptive Hypermedia
  • Describing Strategies for LS in AHA!
  • Application of the Strategies in AHA!
  • Assignment

40
XML Learning Style Adaptation Language
  • Elements of the language
  • select selecting concept representation
  • sort sequencing concept representation
  • setDefault setting defaults
  • actions updating the User Model

41
Information about Verbalizer/Vizualizer(Imager) LS
Storage in the User Model (UM)
Interpretation
Value personal.VERBvsIM gt 70 personal.VERBvsIM lt
30 30ltpersonal.VERBvsIMlt70
personal attributes
Users LS
Name login password VERBvsIM
Value str str int 0..100
Verbalizer Imager Not known
42
Strategy Verbalizer versus Imager
  • lt?xml version"1.0" encoding"UTF-8"?gt
  • lt!DOCTYPE strategy SYSTEM "../strategy.dtd"gt
  • ltstrategy name"VerbalizerVersusImager"gt
  • ltdescriptiongtStrategy for "Verbal" versus
    "Visual" stylelt/descriptiongt
  • ltifgt
  • ltconditiongtpersonal.VERBvsIM lt
    30lt/conditiongt
  • ltthengt
  • ltselect attributeName"media"gt
  • ltshowContentgtimagelt/showContentgt
  • ltshowContentDefaultgtdefaultlt/showContent
    Defaultgt
  • ltshowLinkgt
  • ltlinkTogttextlt/linkTogt
  • ltcommentgtYou can also see the textual
    information about the same conceptlt/commentgt
  • lt/showLinkgt
  • lt/selectgt
  • lt/thengt
  • lt/ifgt
  • lt/strategygt

43
Verbalizer versus Imager
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.VERBvsIM lt
30lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltselect
attributeName"media"gt
ltshowContentgtimagelt/showContentgt
ltshowContentDefaultgtdefaultlt/showContentDefaultgt
ltshowLinkgt ltlinkTogttextlt/linkTogt
ltcommentgtTextual informationlt/commentgt
lt/showLinkgt lt/selectgt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.VERBvsIM gt
30lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltselect
attributeName"media"gt
ltshowContentgttextlt/showContentgt
ltshowContentDefaultgtdefaultlt/showContentDefaultgt
ltshowLinkgt ltlinkTogtimagelt/linkTogt
ltcommentgtPictorial informationlt/commentgt
lt/showLinkgt lt/selectgt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
44
Monitoring StrategyText versus Image Preference
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.initial gt 29
ampamp personal.initial lt 71 ampamp
concept.mediatext ampamp
concept.visited0 ampamp personal.traceTextvs
Image ampamp !parent.imagelt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"media"gt
ltUMvariablegtpersonal.VERBvsIMlt/UMvariablegt
ltexpressiongtpersonal.VERBvsIM5lt/expressiongt lt/ac
tiongt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.initial gt 29
ampamp personal.initial lt 71 ampamp
concept.mediaimage ampamp
concept.visited0 ampamp personal.traceTextvs
Image ampamp !parent.text lt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"media"gt
ltUMvariablegtpersonal.VERBvsIMlt/UMvariablegt lte
xpressiongtpersonal.VERBvsIM-5lt/expressiongt lt/actio
ngt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
45
Information about Activist versus Reflector LS
Storage in the User Model (UM)
Interpretation
Value personal.HoneyMumfordLM
Activist personal.HoneyMumfordLM Reflector
personal attributes
Users LS
Name login password HoneyMumfortLM
Value str str str
46
Activist Versus Reflector
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.HoneyMumfordLMActivist
lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltsort
attributeNamerepresentationgt
ltlinkTogtactivitylt/linkTogt
ltlinkTogtexamplelt/linkTogt ltlinkTogtexplanation
lt/linkTogt ltlinkTogttheorylt/linkTogt
lt/sortgt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongt personal.HoneyMumfordLMReflecto
r lt/conditiongt ltthengt ltsort
attributeNamerepresentationgt
ltlinkTogtexamplelt/linkTogt ltlinkTogtexplanation
lt/linkTogt ltlinkTogttheorylt/linkTogt
ltlinkTogtactivitylt/linkTogt lt/sortgt
lt/thengt lt/ifgt
47
Information about Global/Analytic LS
Storage in the User Model (UM)
Interpretation
Value personal.GLvsAN gt 70 personal.GLvsAN lt
30 30ltpersonal.GLvsANlt70
personal attributes
Users LS
Name login password GLvsAN
Value str str int 0..100
Global Analytic Not known
48
Presentation for Global vs Analytic User
49
Strategy for Analytic user
1. concept.level lt personal.upToLevel gt
suitability (parent.firstChild concept.name
parent.visited 100) (parent.firstChild !
concept.name previousSibling.knowledge gt 75
previousSibling.visited 100) 2.
concept.level gt personal.upToLevel gt
suitability ancestorAtpersonal.upToLevel-1.visit
ed 100
50
Strategy for Global user
1. concept.level lt personal.upToLevel gt
suitability personal.numberConceptsLevelconcept.l
evel-1 personal.numberConceptsVisitedLevelconc
ept.level-1 (previousSibling )
(previousSibling.visited gt75) 2. concept.level gt
personal.upToLevel gt suitability personal.numberC
onceptsLevelpersonal.upToLevel-1
personal.numberConceptsVisitedLevelpersonal.upToL
evel-1
51
Monitoring Strategy Preference forBreadth-first
versus Depth-first order
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.traceBFvsDF ampamp
concept.level personal.level ampamp
personal.level ! 0lt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"level"gt
ltUMvariablegtpersonal.GL
vsANlt/UMvariablegt ltexpressiongtpersonal.GLvsAN5lt/e
xpressiongt lt/actiongt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
ltifgtltconditiongtpersonal.traceBFvsDF ampamp
concept.level gt personal.level ampamp
personal.level ! 0lt/conditiongt ltthengt
ltaction attributeName"level"gt ltUMvariablegt
personal.GLvsANlt/UMvariablegt ltexpressiongtpersonal.
GLvsAN-5lt/expressiongt lt/actiongt lt/thengt lt/ifgt
52
Contents
  • Learning styles
  • AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
  • Describing Strategies in AHA!
  • Application of Learning Styles in AHA!
  • Assignment

53
Author Information
54
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55
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56
Inferring preferences text vs. image
Presentation for Imager
Presentation for Vervalizer
UM personal.VERBvsIM-5
UM personal.VERBvsIM5
57
Presentation for
Activist
Reflector
58
Presentation for Global vs Analytic User
59
Contents
  • Learning styles
  • AHA! (Adaptive Hypermedia Architecture)
  • Describing Strategies in AHA!
  • Application of Learning Styles in AHA!
  • Assignment

60
Assignment short description
  • You will have to perform some authoring tasks
    with the AHA! graph author, mainly involving the
    application of learning styles.
  • Then you will be asked to view the results in the
    AHA! delivery engine.
  • Finally, you will answer some questions about
    your experience.
  • Download tasks questionnaire from
  • http//wwwis.win.tue.nl/nstach/PhDThesis/Assignme
    nt/
  • Please return the completed file (questions
    tables) to a.i.cristea_at_tue.nl by 9-02-2005!
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