The Second World War in Asia

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The Second World War in Asia

• Superior weaponry, even superior numbers, do not
  ensure victory, especially not when they are
  directed against nationalist, patriotic
  resistance, which in fact they serve to
  strengthen
• Professor Rhoads Murphey
• University of Michigan

2
Japanese Imperialism Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895)

• Rebellion against Korean King
• Both the Japanese and Chinese send troops
• Treaty of Shiminoseki (Taiwan)

3
Japanese Imperialism Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905)

• Concern w/ Russians in Manchuria
• Japanese attack Port Arthur
• Treaty of Portsmouth (Korea)
• Established Japan as an international power

4
Japan and WW I 1914-1918

• Japan sent destroyers to join Br. Fleet
• China sent 200,000 men to France
• China excluded from Versailles Peace Conference

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Japan in the 1920s 1930s

• Republic of China led by Chiang Kai-Shek poses
  threat
• Militarization
• 1931 Attack on Manchuria
• 1937 Attack on China

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The Rape of NankingThe Forgotten Holocaust

• 300,000 killed
• 6 weeks of terror
• International Safety Zone created
• War crimes trials
• Some still deny it happened

7
Japanese Expansion
8
The Coming of War

• Tripartite Pact (1940)
• Article Two Germany and Italy recognize and
  respect the leadership of Japan in the
  establishment of a new order in greater East
  Asia.
• Neutrality Pact (1941) w/ Soviet Union

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The Coming of War

• 1941 Germany asks Japan to open front against
  Soviet Union
• July 1941 Japanese occupy Indochina American
  embargo on exports to Japan

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Attempts at Negotiation

• Japanese Ambassador Nomura and U.S. Secretary of
  State Cordell Hull
• Oil in exchange for w/drawal of troops in
  Indochina

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Waking a Sleeping Tiger

• Preparations for war w/ the U.S.
• Dec. 7. 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor

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Admiral Yamamoto

• What a strange position I find myself in
  nowhaving to make a decision diametrically
  opposed to my own personal opinion
• This war will give us much trouble in the
  future. The fact that we have had a small
  success at Pearl Harbor is nothing. The fact
  that we have succeeded so easily has pleased
  people. Personally I do not think it is a good
  thing to whip up propaganda to encourage the
  nation. People should think things over and
  realize how serious the situation is.

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Japans Declaration of War

• We hereby declare war on the United States of
  America and the British EmpireIt has been truly
  unavoidableBoth America and Britain have
  aggravated the disturbances of East Asia and
  have increased military preparations on al sides
  of Our Empire to challenge us. They have
  obstructed every means of our peaceful commerce
  and finally have restored to a direct severance
  of economic relations, thereby gravely menacing
  the existence of Our EmpireOur Empire has no
  other recourse but to appeal to arms and to crush
  every obstacle in its path.
• Emperor Hirohito

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A Formidable Enemy

• Across the sea,
• Corpses in the water
• Across the mountains,
• Corpses heaped upon the field.
• I shall die only for the Emperor
• I shall never look back.
• Japanese Army Song

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Japanese Internment
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End of Japans Hundred Days

• June 1942 Battle of Midway

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Battle of OkinawaApril 1, 1945

• Last line of defense and sacrificial border
• 12,520 Americans killed
• 244,136 Japanese killed

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Atomic Bombs Dropped on Hiroshima and
NagasakiAugust 6 and 9, 1945
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Japanese SurrenderAugust 15, 1945

• The war situation has developed not necessarily
  to Japans advantageThe enemy has begun to
  employ a new and most cruel bombShould we
  continue to fight, it would not only result in an
  ultimate collapse and obliteration of the
  Japanese nation, but it would also lead to the
  total extinction of human civilizationWe have
  resolved to pave the way for a grand peace for
  all the generations to come by enduring the
  unendurable and suffering what is insufferable.
• Emperor Hirohitos Radio Broadcast

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American Occupation 1945-1952

• Led by MacArthur
• Goals
• Demilitarization
• Democratization
• National Recovery

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Goal 1 Demilitarization

• Factories and bases closed
• Top level wartime leadership purged
• Aspiring sincerely to an international peace
  based on justice and order, the Japanese people
  forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the
  nation and the threat or use of force as means of
  settling international disputes. In order to
  accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph,
  land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war
  potential, will never be maintained. The right
  of belligerency of the state will not be
  recognized. (Chapter II, Article 9, 1946
  Constitution)

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Goal 2 Democratization

• The Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and
  of the unity of the people, deriving his position
  from the will of the people with whom resides
  sovereign power. (Chapter I, Article 1, 1946
  Constitution)
• All of the people shall be respected as
  individuals. Their right to life, liberty, and
  the pursuit of happiness shall, to the extent
  that it does not interfere with the public
  welfare, be the supreme consideration in
  legislation and in other governmental affairs.
  (Chapter III, Article 13, 1946 Constitution)
• All of the people are equal under the law and
  there shall be no discrimination in political,
  economic or social relations, because of race,
  creed, sex, social status or family origin.
  (Chapter III, Article 14, 1946 Constitution)

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Goal 3 National Recovery

• Factories, rail lines, cities rebuilt
• Korean War (1950-53) boosts economy
• 1950-1975 Output and incomes tripled