Managing the Feeding Program

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Managing the Feeding Program
Often forgotten but one of the most important
concepts in feeding animals
Dr. Donna Amaral-Phillips Introduction to Animal
and Food Sciences Agent In-Service
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Goal of Feeding Programs for all animals

• Meet their needs for energy, protein (amino
  acids), minerals and vitamins
• to optimize their health, growth, and performance

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• Animals need certain amount of each nutrient
• Feed Intake governs the concentration of each
  nutrient needed in the diet

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Managing or Optimizing
Feed Intake
Integral part in Managing the feeding program
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Feed Intake

• Measured as dry matter intake (DMI)
• To calculate dry matter intake
• Feed intake multiplied by dry matter percent
  divided by 100
• DMI smaller than as fed amount

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Animals fed to maintain weight and body condition

• DMI such that needs for maintenance meet
• Examples
• Mature Dogs and Cats
• Mature horses with little exercise

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Performance Animals--

• Rapidly Growing
• Lactating/egg laying
• Optimize, often times maximize, dry matter intake

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Dry Matter Intake
Total Nutrients Available
Performance (if not maintenance animal)
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Water intake
DMI
Total Nutrients Available
Performance (if not maintenance animal)
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Feed Intake
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Feed intake changed by.

• Animal factors
• Environmental factors
• Diet Factors
• Feeding practices

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Animal Factors Govern DMI

• Social hierarchy
• Timid animals eat less than boss animals unless
  management intervenes
• Age of growing animals
• Very Young animals eat less than slightly older
  animals

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Animal Factors Govern DMI

• Level of performance
• Higher producing animals eat more than lower
  producing animals
• Body weight of animals
• Genetics lean lines of pigs and poultry

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Environmental Factors

• Temperature/Humidity
• Hot/humid weather --- decrease dry matter intake
• Cold weather --- dry matter intake increases
• Ventilation
• Temperature and Odor control

Comfortable Environment
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Diet Regulates Intake

• Palatability of diet
• Energy density of diet

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Diet Regulates Intake

• Ruminants---
• Forage Quality
• Relates to digestibility of forages
• Legumes grasses
• Higher fiber contents decrease DMI
• Endophyte-infected Fescue
• Improperly formulated diets decrease DMI

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Feed Storage

• Length of storage
• Keep dry do not allow to sweat
• Storage environment keep out of sun and weather
• Rodent control
• Medicated feeds feed to appropriate species and
  obey withdrawal time periods

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Feeding Practices

• Most Important.
• Under control of the Animal Owner

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Feeding Practices

• Rations fed to Animals
• 1st. Ration formulated by nutritionist
• 2nd Ration fed by the animal owner
• 3rd Ration consumed by the animal
• 4th Nutrients absorbed and available to the
  tissues for growth, milk production, egg laying
  etc.

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Feeding Practices

• Measure actual feed intake
• Actual feed consumed not amount fed
• Then adjust to meet animals needs
• Records for feed purchases and feedout times

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Feeding Practices

• Adequate space to eat and drink water
• Easy access to feed and water

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Feeding Practices

• Access to feed Ad lib intakes
  versus limit feeding (Performance level vs
  maintenance)
• Group by size or stage of productivity

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Feed Intake Guidelines - Poultry

• Chickens
• Laying Hens
• 0.25 lbs feed per day

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Feed Intake Guidelines -- Swine

• 10-25 lb pigs 0.75- 1 lbs as fed/day
• 25-50 lb pigs 2 lbs
• Grower- 50-120 lbs 3.5-4 lbs
• Finishing- 120-250 lb 6 lbs
• Sows maintenance 5-6 lbs (limit fed)
• Sows- lactating 10-20 lbs

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Feed Intake GuidelinesRuminants and Horses

• Dry matter intakes
• Horses 2-2.5 BW
• Sheep 3-4 BW
• Goats 3-4 BW
• Beef- Stockers 2.5-3.0 BW
• Beef-Cow-Calf 2.0-3.0 BW
• Dairy Heifer 2.5-3.0 BW
• Dairy- Lactating cow 3-4 BW

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Feeding Mgt Take Home Messages

• Feed intake governs performance especially higher
  performance times in an animals lifecycle
• Water intake governs feed intake

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Feeding Mgt Take Home Messages

• Minimize competition
• Adequate bunk and water space
• Easy access to feed and water
• Size of groups or facility design
• Provide comfortable surroundings

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Feeding Mgt Take Home Messages

• Feed diets that match animal needs
• Group by age or stage of productivity
• Measure feed intakes - How does it relate to
  needed feed intakes
• Free choice versus limit feeding

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Questions??
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