Ch. 13

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Ch. 13 14 Informative Speaking and Persuasive
Speaking
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Types of Informative Speaking

• By content or purpose

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Content

• Speeches about processes-a series of actions that
  leads to a specific result
• The process involved in traveling abroad
• Speeches about objects-anything that can be seen
  or touched
• A speech about your guitar
• Speeches about events-when a topic refers to
  anything notable that has happened
• A speech about the war in Iraq

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Purpose

• Descriptions- describing
• Describing the traditions of a particular culture
• Explanations-explaining
• Explaining each of the steps involved in fire
  prevention
• Instructions-teaching
• Showing students how to protect themselves

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Informative Vs. Persuasive
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Informative

• you are not presenting info that is controversial
  
• You are not trying to change audience attitudes
• You are trying to make the audience aware of
  something
• Usually to improve audience knowledge or ability

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Persuasive

• Usually involves a controversial topic
• You are trying to persuade the audience to take
  some sort of action, or change some sort of
  behavior

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Techniques of Informative Speaking

• 1. Define a specific informative purpose
• 2. Create information hunger

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3. Make it easy for audience to listen and
understand

• Limit amount of info you present
• -stick to 3-5 main topics
• use familiar information to increase
  understanding of the unfamiliar
• Use simple information to build understanding of
  complex info

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4. Emphasize Important points

• Use repetition
• -with main points
• -with material that is difficult to understand
• Use sign posts

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Characteristics of persuasion

• Persuasion is the process of motivating someone,
  through communication to change a particular
  belief, attitude, or behavior.

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Persuasion is interactive

• Can be compared to the transactional model
• It is an interaction that takes place between
  speaker and audience

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Categorizing types of persuasion

• By types of proposition or by desired outcome

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By types of Proposition

• Propositions of fact
• Propositions of value
• Propositions of policy

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Propositions of fact

• issues in which there are two or more sides with
  conflicting evidence
• listeners are required to choose the truth for
  themselves
• Example Kobe Bryant did/did not commit rape

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Propositions of value

• go beyond issues of truth to explore the worth of
  some idea, person, or object
• Examples
• President Bush is/ is not the best president
• Animal testing is/ is not wrong

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Propositions of policy

• Goes a step beyond fact or value in stating a
  recommended course of action
• Example
• Animal testing is wrong, and everyone should not
  buy products that test on animals

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Persuasive speeches based on desired outcome

• Convincing- when goal of speech is to make the
  audience believe something
• -Kobe Bryant did not commit rape
• Actuating- when goal of speech is to get audience
  members to take specific actions
• -dont buy make-up that is tested on animals

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Persuasion can be categorized by to approaches

• Direct persuasion- state the persuasive message
  outright
• (speakers goals are clear from the beginning)
• 2. Indirect persuasion- persuasive message is
  not clear right away
• (may start with a question and continue speech to
  prove that question and persuade audience)

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Creating the persuasive message

• Set a clear persuasive purpose
• Structure the message carefully
• Describe the problem
• Describe the solution
• Describe the desired audience response

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Avoid fallacies

• Fallacy- Errors in logical thinking
• There are numerous types of fallacies

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A few of the most common fallacies

• AD HOMINEM- attack on the person instead of the
  argument
• -the speaker attacks the integrity of the
  person in order to weaken the argument

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REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM

• Reduction to the absurd
• Unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to
  such extreme lengths that it looks ridiculous
• Straw man argument- a variation of ad absurdum
  fallacy
• Speaker attacks a potentially valid argument by
  demolishing a weak example and suggesting that it
  represents the entire position

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EITHER-OR FALLACY

• Sets up false alternatives
• Suggests that if the inferior one must be
  rejected, then the other must be accepted

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POST HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC

• False Cause
• Mistakenly assumes that one event causes another
  because they occur after one another

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ARGUMENTUM AD VERECUNDIAM

• Appeal to authority
• Involves relying on the testimony of someone who
  is not an authority in the case being argued
• Occur often in advertising and politics

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ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM

• Bandwagon appeal
• Based on idea that many other people like it or
  agree with it, so should you
• Wide spread acceptance of an idea is no guarantee
  that it is correct

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In conclusion

• When constructing your speech be careful that it
  does not involve fallacious reasoning