The First Global Age: Europe, The Americas, and Africa

1
Chapter 16

• The First Global Age Europe, The Americas, and
  Africa
• (1492-1750)

2
Section 1

• Conquest in the Americas

3
First Encounters

• 1492- Christopher Columbus landed in the West
  Indies. He encountered the Taino
• Spanish conquistadors, or spanish conquerers,
  settled on Caribbean islands, seized the gold
  from the Tainos, and forced them to convert to
  Christianity
• Diseaseas carried by the Europeans wiped out
  native villages since Native Americans had no
  immunity, or resistance, to such diseases.
• Native American population of the Caribbean
  Islands declined by 90 in the 1500s

4
The Conquistador Cortes in Mexico

• Hernan Cortes landed on the Mexican coast in
  1519 made alliances, or formal agreements
  between 2 or more nations or powers to cooperate
  and come to one anothers defense, with the
  discontented Aztec overlords.
• Moctezuma Aztec emperor, thought Cortes might be
  a god.
• Aztecs eventually drove the Spanish out of
  Tenochtitlan.
• 1521 Cortes returned and captured and demolished
  Tenochtitlan

5
Conquistador Pizarro in Peru

• Arrived in Peru in 1532.
• Helped by Indian allies, he captured the king,
  Atahualpa.
• Spanish demanded a ransom for the king, Incas
  paid it, but the spanish killed the king anyway.

6
Spanish Victorious

• Spanish had superior military technology
• There was division and discontent among the
  Indians
• Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the
  Aztecs and Incas

7
Section 2

• Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas

8
Ruling the Spanish Empire

• Govt Spain maintained strict control
• Empire divided into five provinces which were
  ruled by a viceroy- representative who rules a
  spanish province in the Kings name
• The Catholic Church worked with the Govt. to
  convert Native Americans to Christianity
• Church leaders helped regulate the activities of
  Spanish settlers
• The Economy plantations- large estate run by an
  owner or overseer.
• Economiendas- the right to demand labor or
  tribute from Native Americans in a particular
  area
• At first, the spanish forced Native Americans to
  work under brutal conditions, but they later
  began shipping slaves from Africa to do their
  work.

9
Colonial Society

• Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the
  top of society
• Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish
  settlers, were next
• Mestizos, person of mixed Spanish and Native
  American descent
• Mulattoes were people born of African and
  European descent.

10
Colonial Culture

• Blending of Native American, African, and
  European people and traditions
• Colonies built universities

11
Challenging Spanish Power

• Spain had strict control over colonial trade, so
  smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists
• Privateers- Dutch, English, and Frenchpirates who
  preyed on Spanish treasure ships

12
Section 3

• Struggle for North America

13
Evolution of Traditions of Govt.

• Pilgrim- English protestant who rejected
  practices of the church of England
• Pilgrims at Plymouth signed the Mayflower
  Compact, in which they set out guidelines for
  governing their colony
• Compact- an agreement among people
• Each colony had its own representative assembly
  elected by propertied men

14
NOTES

• Bartolome de las Casas Spanish priest who worked
  to end abuses against Native Americans
• Spanish explorers traveled to the Americas to
  find gold
• Europes middle class enjoyed a comfortable life
• Brazil was influenced by Portuguese culture

15
New France

• 1500s French fishing ships harvested fish off
  Newfoundland, but French did not build permanent
  settlements until 1608.
• The french were helped by Native Americans in
  claiming vast territory
• Population of New France grew slowly
• French king began to exert greater control over
  political and economic activities in New France
• Samuel de Champlain Found of French colongy of
  Quebec (Father of New France)

16
The 13 English Colonies

• 1600 and 1700 English established 13 colonies.
  Some for commercial reasons (Virginia and New
  York) and other were set up as havens for
  persecuted religious groups (Mass, Penn., and
  Maryland)
• English monarchs exerted control over their
  American colonies

17
Competition for Power

• By the 1600s Spain, France, Britain, and the
  Netherlands were competing for colonies and trade
  around the world
• 1700s Britain and France were involved in the
  Seven Years War. In North America, they battled
  each other in the French and Indian War.
• Treaty of Paris officially ended the world-wide
  war made North America dominated by Britain

18
Section 4

• Turbulent Centuries in Africa

19
Atlantic Slave Trade

• Started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor
  in Spains American empire
• Tens of thousands of enslaved Africans were
  shipped across the Atlantic each year
• Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to
  seize captives in the interior and bring them to
  coastal trade posts and fortresses

20
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade

• By 1800s estimated 11 million enslaved Africans
  had reached the Americas. Another 2 million
  probably died during the Middle Passage.
• Middle Passage- part of a trade network that sent
  enslaved people from Africa to the Americas
• Slave trade caused some small states in Africa to
  disappear forever
• Usman dan Fodio Fulani scholar who set up an
  Islamic state in west Africa

21
Battles for Power in Southern Africa

• Many new west African kingdoms were influenced by
  Islamic reforms
• Zulus emerged as a major force in southern
  Africa.
• Shaka Zulu leader who waged war against nearby
  peoples in southern Africa
• Boers Dutch leaders in southern Africa. Came
  into contact with the Zulus in 1830s and fighting
  broke out.
• Zulus were defeated by the Boers.

22
Section 5

• Changes in Europe

23
The Columbian Exchange

• Columbus returned to the Americas in 1493 with
  some 1200 settlers and a collection European
  plants and animals
• Columbus began a vast global exchange

24
A Commercial Revolution

• Inflation- economic cycle that involves a rise in
  prices linked to a sharp increase in available
  money
• Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires
  spurred the growth of European capitalism- the
  investment of money to make a profit

25
Mercantilism

• Mercantilism- when a nations real wealth was
  measured in its gold and silver
• Overseas empires and colonies existed for the
  benefit of the parent nation
• European govts.
• passed strict laws regulating trade
• Exploited natural resources
• Sold monopolies
• Imposed tarrifs