Socialization

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• Socialization

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(No Transcript)
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• The fabulously wealthy but morally bankrupt Duke
  brothers Randolph and Mortimer -- make a
  one-dollar bet over heredity vs. environment.
• Curious as to what might happen if different
  lifestyles were reversed, they arrange for
  impoverished street hustler Billy Ray Valentine
  (Eddie Murphy) to be placed in the lap of luxury
  and trained for a cushy career in the stock
  market. Simultaneously, they set about to reduce
  aristocratic yuppie Louis Winthorpe III (Dan
  Aykroyd) to poverty and disgrace, hiring a
  prostitute (Jamie Lee Curtis) to hasten his
  downfall.

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Trading Places

• Core of todays topic,
• What makes us who we are today, successful or
  not
• Our innate, natural qualities, biology
• Or
• Our social surroundings, environment

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• Now of course, this is fiction, and represents
  one, entertaining possibility of what could
  happen.
• But we cant do such experiments in real life,
  lets discuss why.

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Ethical Concerns (Nuremberg Code
1946)

• Voluntary Consent
• Informed Consent
• Do No Harm
• Physical, Psychological, Emotional, Legal
• Anonymity
• No names or identifiable data
• Confidentiality
• Researcher doesnt release ID info it to anyone

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• Social scientists have had to try other, creative
  ways

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The Role of Socialization

• The Influence of Heredity

• Studies of Identical Twins
• --Intelligence tests show similar scores when
  twins are reared apart in roughly similar social
  settings.
• --Intelligence tests show quite different scores
  when twins are reared apart in dramatically
  different social settings.

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Sociological Approaches to the Self

• Cooley Looking-Glass Self
• --The self is the product of our social
  interactions with other people.
• --Our view of ourselves comes from not only our
  contemplation of personal qualities, but also
  from our impressions of how others perceive us.
• --We learn who we are by interacting with others.

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Mead Theory of the Self
--The self begins as a privileged, central
position in a persons world. --As a person
matures, the self changes and begins to reflect
greater concern about the reactions of
others. --Significant Others Individuals who
are most important in the development of the
self. --Role Taking The process of mentally
assuming the perspective of another. --Generalized
Others The attitudes, viewpoints, and
expectations of society as a whole that a child
takes into account.
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The Self and Socialization

• Sociological Approaches to the Self

• Goffman Presentation of the Self
• --Impression Management The individual slants
  the presentation of the self in order to create
  distinctive appearances and satisfy particular
  audiences.
• --Dramaturgical Approach People resemble
  performers in action.

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Socialization and the Life Course

• Two types of socialization occur throughout the
  life course.
• Anticipatory Socialization The processes of
  socialization in which a person rehearses for
  future occupations and social relationships.
• Resocialization The process of discarding
  former behavior patterns and accepting new ones
  as part of a transition in ones life.

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Agents of Socialization

• Family
• School
• Peer Groups
• Work Place
• The State
• Mass Media

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Agents of Socialization

• Family

• The family is the primary agent of socialization.
• Socialization by the family begins shortly after
  birth.
• Socialization is typically, but not always,
  positive.

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Agents of Socialization

• School

• teach children the values and customs of the
  larger society.
• have traditionally socialized children into
  conventional gender roles.

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Agents of Socialization

• Peer Group

• As children grow older, peer groups increasingly
  assume the role of Meads significant others.
• can ease the transition to adult
  responsibilities.
• can encourage children to honor or violate
  cultural norms and values.
• Can exert pressure to conform.

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Solomon Ash

• 1. Pretend that A (in Box 2) is the same length
  as the bar in Box 1.
• 2. Pretend that A (in Box 2) is the same length
  as the bar in Box 1.
• 3. Pretend that A (in Box 2) is the same length
  as the bar in Box 1.
• 4. Answer hesitantly and cautiously.

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Source Kornblum
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Source Kornblum
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Solomon Ash

• 1/3 of all subjects went along with the group on
  a majority of trials
• ¼ of the group remained independent of the group
  on all trials
• The rest (5/12) conformed on a few of the trials
  but not on the others.
• All felt pressure to conform, ill at ease,
  upsetting experience. Power of group conformity
  (Emperors New Clothes)

• (Ash 1965 Sabini 1995)

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Peer Groups

• Peer groups can be a source of harassment as well
  as support.
• Handout Lefkowitz

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Agents of Socialization

• Workplace

• Learning to behave appropriately within an
  occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of
  human socialization.

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Agents of Socialization

• The State

• The state has usurped many of the traditional
  family functions.
• The state has re-instituted many rites of passage
  including stipulating the ages at which we are
  permitted to
• drink drive vote
• marry retire work overtime