INTELLIGENCE

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INTELLIGENCE
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Francis Galton

• Introduced the concept that mental abilities can
  be quantified - invented correlation coefficient
• Assessed intelligence using physical measures

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Francis Galton

• Popularized nature-nurture phrase
• Fervently believed in the natural superiority of
  Caucasian men
• Founded the eugenics movement

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Tests

• Binet and Simon
• Stanford-Binet
• IQ MA/CA x 100
• 34, 14, and 2

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IQ Tests

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -
  Revised (WAIS-R)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -
  Revised (WISC-R)

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• Verbal and Performance Scores - each subdivided
  into 6 categories

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IQ Tests

• Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)
• American College Test (ACT)

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IQ Tests

• BITCH
• Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity

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Evaluation of Tests

• Standardization - test conditions are the same
  for all
• Reliability - repeatability of scores
• Validity - usefulness

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• CONTROVERSIAL
• ISSUES

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Should IQ tests be used to determine who

• gets into college?
• serves on a jury?
• gets special education classes?
• gets to be sterilized?

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Group Differences in IQ Scores

• Males and Females
• Nature vs Nurture
• Francis Galton
• John B. Watson

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Correlational Research

• Identical and fraternal twins
• Identical twins reared apart
• Adopted children

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• How much of the variation is due to heredity?
• 30-70, M 50
• Heredity does not mean unmodifiable

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Whites and Blacks

• Arthur Jensen - hereditary differences in
  intelligence
• Sandra Scarr - Adoption studies

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• The Bell Curve
• Emphasized Genetic Factors
• Politically Conservative Agenda

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• The Nature of Intelligence
• What is it?

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Psychometric Models

• Earliest Approach
• Statistical Approach
• Tool - Factor Analysis

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Spearman - 1904

• single general factor - g
• plus
• set of specific factors - s

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Thurstone

• Not one general factor, but
• 7 primary mental abilities

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Guilford

• 150 Factors
• too complex and cumbersome

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Cattell

• g is comprised of fluid and crystallized
  intelligence

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Contemporary Approaches

• Sternberg
• triarchic theory - 1985
• 3 types of processes

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Gardner

• 1985 - Multiple Intelligences
• Intelligence doing something of value within a
  culture

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• Language, math, spatial reasoning, music, body
  movement skills, and social sensitivity
• Prodigies and Savants