Intelligence

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Intelligence
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Defining Intelligent Behavior

• What is intelligence?
• Intelligence
• the capacity to understand the world, think
  rationally, and use resources effectively when
  faced with challenges
• Intelligence Tests
• tests devised to identify a persons level of
  intelligence

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Measuring Intelligence

• Mental age
• the average age of children taking the Binet test
  who achieved the same score
• Chronological age
• physical age

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Measuring Intelligence
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Tests of IQ

• Stanford-Binet Test
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III
  (WISC-III)

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Achievement and Aptitude Tests

• Achievement Test
• a test meant to ascertain a persons level of
  knowledge in a given subject area
• Aptitude Test
• a test designed to predict a persons ability in
  a particular area or line of work
• SAT, ACT

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Reliability and Validity

• Reliability
• the concept that tests measure consistently what
  they are trying to measure
• Validity
• the concept that tests actually measure what they
  are supposed to measure
• Norms
• standards of test performance

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Alternative Formulations of Intelligence

• G or G-factor
• an early theory that assumed there was a general
  factor for mental ability
• Fluid Intelligence
• reflects reasoning, memory, and information
  processing capabilities
• Crystallized Intelligence
• information, skills, and strategies that people
  have learned through experience

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Alternative Formulations of Intelligence

• Gardners Seven Intelligences
• Musical intelligence
• Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
• Logical-math intelligence
• Linguistic intelligence
• Spatial intelligence
• Interpersonal intelligence
• Intrapersonal intelligence

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Contemporary Approaches
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Variations in Intellectual Ability

• Mental Retardation
• a significantly subaverage intellectual
  functioning that occurs with related limitations
  in two or more of the adaptive skill areas

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Variations in Intellectual Ability

• mild retardation
• IQ 55-69
• moderate retardation
• IQ 40-54
• profound retardation
• IQ below 25

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Variations in Intellectual Ability

• Causes of mental retardation
• identifiable biological reason (e.g. Downs
  Syndrome)
• familial retardation
• Care and Treatment
• least restrictive environment
• mainstreaming
• full inclusion

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Variations in Intellectual Ability

• The Intellectually Gifted
• two to four percent of the population who have IQ
  scores greater than 130
• social stereotypes of gifted people

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Individual Differences in Intelligence

• Are traditional IQ tests culturally biased?
• Are there racial differences in intelligence?
• To what degree is intelligence influenced by the
  environment and to what degree by heredity?

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The Relative Influence of Heredity and of
Environment

• Culture-fair IQ test
• a test that does not discriminate against members
  of any minority group
• Heritability
• a measure of the degree to which a characteristic
  is related to genetic, inherited factors

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The Flynn Effect