Are there Planets outside the Solar System

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Are there Planets outside the Solar System ?

• First answer
  1992 Discovery of the
  first Extra-Solar
  
  Planet around the pulsar
  PSR125712 (Wolszczan Frail)
  
  
• Are there Planets moving around other Sun-like
  stars ?

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The EXO Planet 51 Peg b

• Mass M sin i 0.468 m_Jup
• semi-major axis a 0.052 AU
• period p 4.23 days
• eccentricity e 0
• a of Mercury 0.387 AU

Discovered by Michel
Mayor Didier Queloz
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Status of Observations

• 292 Extra-solar planetary systems
• 337 Planets near other solar-type stars
• 33 Mulitple planetary systems
• 43 Planets in binaries

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• Multi-planetary systems

• Binaries

• Single Star and Single Planetary Systems

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Interesting Questions

• How frequent are other planetary systems ?
• Are they like our Solar System (no. of
  planets, masses, radii, albedos, orbital
  paramenters , . )
• What type of environments do they have?
  (atmospheres, magnetosphere, rings, )
• How do they form and evolve ?
• How do these features depend on the type of the
  central star (mass, chemical composition, age,
  binarity, ) ?

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55 Cancri
5 Planeten bei 55 Cnc 55Cnc d -- the
only known Jupiter-like planet in Jupiter-distance
Binary a_binary 1000 AU
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Extra-solare Planeten

• ca. 130 Planeten entdeckt
• massereich (Mjup)
• enge Umlaufbahnen
• Radialgeschwindigkeits- messungen

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Mass distribution
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Facts about Extra-Solar Planetary Systems

• Only 28 of the detected planets have masses Jupitermass
• About 33 of the planets are closer to the
  host-star than Mercury to the Sun
• Nearly 60 have eccentricities 0.2
• And even 40 have eccentricities 0.3

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Distribution of the detected Extra-Solar Planets
Mercury Earth Mars Venus
Jupiter
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Target Stars for Darwin/TPF
10 pc
315 stars
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Sources of uncertainty in parameter fits

• the unknown value of the orbital line-of-sight
  inclination i allows us to determine from radial
  velocities measurements only the lower limit of
  planetary masses
• the relative inclination ir between planetary
  orbital planes is usually unknown.
• In most of the mulitple-planet systems, the
  strong dynamical interactions between planets
  makes planetary orbital parameters found using
  standard two-body keplerian fits unreliable
  (cf. Eric Bois)
• All these leave us a substantial available
  parameter space to be explored in order to
  exclude the initial conditions which lead to
  dynamically unstable configurations

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Major catastrophe in less
than 100000 years
(S. Ferraz-Mello, 2004)
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Numerical Methods
Chaos Indicators Fast Lyapunov Indicator (FLI)
C. Froeschle, R.Gonczi, E. Lega (1996)
MEGNO RLI Helicity Angle LCE
Long-term numerical integration Stability-Crite
rion No close encounters within the Hill
sphere (i)Escape time (ii) Study of the
eccentricity maximum eccentricity

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• Multi-planetary systems

• Binaries

• Single Star and Single Planetary Systems

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OGLE 06-109L

• Planet b (0.71 /-0.08 MJ)
• a2.3 /-0.2 AU
• e ?
• P 1825 (/- 365) d
• 
  Planet c (0.27 /- 0.03 MJ)
• 
  a 4.6 (/-0.5) AU
• 
  e 0.11
• 
  i 59 deg
• 
  P 5100 (/-730) d

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www.univie.ac.at/adg/exostab/

• ExoStab
• appropriate for single-star single-planet
  system
• Stability of an additional planet
• Stability of the habitable zone (HZ)
• Stability of an additional planet with repect to
  the HZ

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Results of the Exocatalogue (Sandor et al., 2007)
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• The EXOCATALOGUE
• http//www.univie.ac.at/adg/
• Details
• Sándor, Zs., Süli, A., Érdi, B., Pilat-Lohinger,
  E. and
• Dvorak, R. "A Stability Catalogue of the
  Habitable zones
• in Extrasolar Planetary Systems", Monthly
  Notices of the
• Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), 2006

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Habitable Zone

• Zone around a star where liquid water can exist
  on the surface of a terrestial-like planet
• This zone depends on
• the spectraltype , the mass , the age, . of the
  star
• the orbit of the planet
• the mass, the composition, the atmosphere , of
  the planet
• the parameters of other planets in this system
  (mass, orbit, )

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Size of the habitable zone of a
planetary system
based on the definition given by Kasting et
al. (1993).
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Types of Habitable Zones

• Hot-Jupiter type
• (2) Solar system type
• (3)(4) giant planet type habitable moon
• or
  trojan planet

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Stability maps
Inner region (Solar system type)
Outer region (Hot-Jupiter-type)
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Computations
distance star-planet 1 AU variation of -
a_tp0.1,0.9 1.1,4 AU - e_gp 0 0.5 -
M_gp 0 and 180 deg - M_tp 0, 315
deg Dynamical model restricted 3 body
problem

• Methods
• Chaos Indicator
• - FLI (Fast Lyapunov)
• - RLI (Relative Lyapunov)
• (ii) Long-term computations
• - e-max

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ANIMATION
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How to use the catalogue
HD114729 m_p0.82 Mjup (0.93 Msun) a_p
2.08 AU e_p0.31
m0.001 HZ 0.7 1.3 AU
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m 0.005
HD10697 m_p 6.12 Mjup (1.15 Msun)
a_p 2.13 AU e_p 0.11
HZ 0.85 1.65 AU