FEMA Shelter Presentation

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FEMA Shelter Presentation
Taking Shelter From the Storm FEMAs
In-Residence Shelter Initiative BPAT Report
on the May 3, 1999 Tornadoes in Oklahoma and
Kansas Design and Construction
Guidance for Community Shelters
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Taking Shelter From the Storm
FEMAs In-Residence Shelter Initiative
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Phase I Feasibility Study

• Completed in 1997
• Established Extreme Wind Risk Zones for both
  Hurricanes and Tornadoes
• Established Design Parameters

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Phase II Guidance Document and Plans

• Guidance Document
• Detailed Construction Drawings and Specifications
• Cost estimates

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Guidance Document and Plans
The Project Team is Composed of

• The Engineering Staff of FEMAs Mitigation
  Directorate
• The consulting engineering firm of
• Greenhorne OMara, Inc.
• Wind Engineering Faculty from Texas Tech
  University
• The National Association of Home Builders
  Research Center

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The Guidance Document

• Explains the effect that extreme winds can have
  on homes
• Allows the homeowner to assess the risk to their
  home
• Provides cost estimates for each of the shelter
  alternatives

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The Effects of Extreme Winds
Fujita Tornado Scale
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
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Assessing Risks

• Two Primary Risk Factors are used to determine
  the risk of being threatened by an extreme wind
  event
• the historical severity of wind events in your
  area
• the historical occurrence of severe wind events
  in your area

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Assessing Risks
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
MITIGATION DIRECTORATE
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Assessing Risks
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
MITIGATION DIRECTORATE
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Assessing Risks
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
MITIGATION DIRECTORATE

• The combining of these two factors allows the
  homeowner to determine the risk to their home

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Design Parameters

• Wind speed - 250 mph
• Missile speed
• 100 mph horizontally
• 67 mph vertically
• Missile size - 15 lb. 2x4

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Plans and Specifications

• A complete set of plans and specifications come
  with the Guidance Document
• Plans include information for both new and
  retrofit construction

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Plans and Specifications

• The plans were prepared so that a contractor or
  experienced homeowner could fabricate a shelter
• Each set of plans and specifications includes
  material and quantity estimates and costs for
  each shelter design

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Plans and Specifications
Example Detailed Construction Plan for
Insulating Concrete Form System
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Estimated Shelter Costs
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Safe Room Marketing Strategy

• Identify Target Audience
• Utilize Community Structure and Strength
• Focus on what CAN be done
• Document and Share Resources and Successes

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Identify Target Audience

• Everyone living in Zones II, III, and IV
• State and local agencies and organizations,
  private sector, universities and colleges,
  science and research professional organizations.

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Utilize Community Structure and Strength

• Educate and Provide Resources at the Community
  Level
• Encourage State and Community Initiatives and
  Projects
• Oklahoma, Arkansas, Iowa, Mississippi, and
  Alabama Safe Room Grant Program
• Tulsa, Oklahoma Partnerships with Builders

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Focus on what CAN be done

• Communities, individuals and businesses can take
  actions to save lives from future tornadoes and
  high wind events
• Residential safe rooms and shelters are the most
  effective way to provide near absolute
  protection for individuals and families

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Focus on what CAN be done

• Form National, Regional and Local partnerships to
  promote the safe room initiative
• Federal Agencies Small Business Association,
  HUD/FHA
• Private Partnerships National Storm Shelter
  Association (NSSA)
• Model safe rooms are being built and used for
  community education events throughout tornado and
  hurricane regions

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Document and Share Resources and Successes

• Established a Safe Room Web Site
  www.fema.gov/mit/saferoom
• Safe Room Publications, links, funding, events,
  projects.
• Encourage the Documentation - text and
  photographs of safe room projects
• Promote Mitigation Successes news coverage,
  articles, publications
• Over 150,000 copies of Taking Shelter From the
  Storm distributed

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Building a Safer Future

• Ft. Morgan Middle School, Colorado
• Safe Room Team

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Building a Safer Future

• One example of FEMA's education and training
  activities in wind hazard mitigation is the model
  safe room exhibit at the National Emergency
  Training Center (NETC), in Emmitsburg,
  Maryland.

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Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999
BUILDING PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT TEAM
FEMA 342 OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS
OBSERVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND TECHNICAL
GUIDANCE
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FEMA Building Performance Assessment Teams

• Team Members
• Representatives of public and private sectors and
  expertise in
• Structural and wind engineering
• Building design and construction
• Code development and enforcement
• Meteorology

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FEMA Building Performance Assessment Teams

• Team Objectives
• Inspect damage to buildings
• Assessment performance of buildings
• Evaluate design and construction practices
• Evaluate code requirements and enforcement
• Make recommendations as necessary

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FEMA BPAT Report

• BPAT Report focused on three broad areas
• Property protection using building codes
• Further improving property protection and
  personal protection
• Sheltering to provide near absolute protection

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Buildings Inspected

• Residential Building Inspected
• single and multi-family, one- to
• two-story
• manufactured modular homes
• accessory structures

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Buildings Inspected

• Non- Residential Building Inspected
• tilt-up pre-cast concrete with steel joists
• load-bearing masonry walls w/ steel joist or
  pre-cast concrete hollow-core floor
• pre-engineered buildings

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Observations

• Windborne Debris
• debris can breach the building envelope that
  results in over pressurization of the building
• debris can cause human injury to individuals who
  are not in a safe shelter
• missiles often completely covered the ground
• in many houses, the floors were covered with
  small tree branches and fragments of broken
  framing members

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Observations - Residential

• Lack of continuous load path
• Damaged building components
• Roof and Wall Sheathing
• Structural Connections
• Exterior Wall Coverings
• Garage Doors
• Windows and Doors
• Masonry Veneer / Chimneys
• Manufactured Housing

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• Example of Proper Continuous Load Path in
  Residential Construction

BUILDING PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT TEAM
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• Examples of Residential Building Damage
• Garage doors
• Chimneys

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Observations - Non-Residential

• Lack of Continuous Load Path
• Increased Load
• Breach of Building Envelope
• Damaged building components
• wall systems
• roof coverings
• roof systems

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Continuous Load Path
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• Examples of Non-Residential Building Damage
• Pre-cast concrete
• Light roof systems

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Observations - Personal Protection and Sheltering

• Type of Shelters
• Use of Shelters
• Maintenance and Design Issues
• Shelter Accessibility
• Shelter Location
• General Observations

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In-Residence Shelters in KS
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Small Group Shelters in KS
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Large Group Shelter in KS
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BPAT Conclusions

• Conclusions - Life Safety
• Shelters provide the best means of protection
  against tornadoes
• Conclusions - Property Protection
• More attention to continuous load path
• Building envelope can be better protected
• Poor design and construction contributes to
  windborne debris

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BPAT Recommendations

• Residential and Non-Residential Buildings
• provide safe refuge by constructing engineered
  shelters
• design buildings to the most current codes and
  engineering standards
• voluntary actions - construct buildings to be
  more wind resistant

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BPAT Shelter Recommendations

• Continue to Promote In-Residence Shelters
• Recommendations for essential facilities and
  public buildings
• Evaluate existing areas used for refuge
• Where there is inadequate protection, retrofit
  refuge areas or add shelters
• Design guidance is needed

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Tornado and Hurricane Community Shelters

• FEMA 361 Design and Construction Guidance for
  Community Shelters

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Purpose of Design Manual

• Provide technical design and construction
  guidance
• Outline a minimum level of design for high wind
  shelters
• Present samples of shelter designs

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Contents of Manual

• Guidance for risk assessment
• Information on building performance
• Design and performance criteria
• Human factors criteria
• Emergency management
• Case Studies and Testing Results

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Risk Assessment Concepts

• Design wind event / severity
• Probability/history of occurrence
• Single and annual event deaths
• Potential for loss of life
• Shelter costs

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Risk Assessment Tools

• Refuge area evaluation checklists
• Benefit cost model

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Updated Design Wind Speed Map
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Designing for Wind Pressures

• Design wind speed from new map
• References Chapter 6 of
• ASCE 7-98
• Design parameters defined
• Considers building frame exterior systems
• Provides load combinations

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Designing for Windborne Debris

• Representative missile
• 15 lb. 2x4 wood board member
• 100 mph horizontal speed
• 67 mph vertical (falling) speed
• Pass/fail missile impact test
• Sample wall roof sections provided

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Other Design Considerations

• Building code design and compliance issues
• Life safety design and compliance issues
• Flood and seismic design issues
• Quality control issues

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Human Factors Criteria

• Shelter ventilation
• Square footage
• Egress and ADA compliance
• Lighting
• Emergency provisions
• Emergency power

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Emergency Management Considerations

• Shelter Operations Plans
• community, commercial, private shelter
• recommended components
• sample plan
• Shelter Maintenance Plan
• Signage

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Case Study Examples

• Community shelter design
• 200 mph design wind speed
• stand-alone building
• School shelter design
• 250 mph design wind speed
• addition to an existing facility

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Additional Guidance

• Appendixes include wall sections and door
  assemblies that successfully passed missile
  impact testing

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Additional Resources

• To order a copy of the Safe Room and Community
  Shelter Resource CD, call the FEMA Publications
  and Distribution Facility at 1-800-480-2520 and
  request FEMA 388-CD.

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Additional Resources
FEMA 342
FEMA 320
FEMA 361