THE BIG BANG

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THE BIG BANG
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THE BIG BANG
About ten billion years ago, the Universe began
in a gigantic explosion - the Hot Big Bang! Its
subsequent¹ evolution from one hundredth of a
second up to the present day can be reliably²
described by the Big Bang model. This includes
the expansion of the Universe, the origin of
light elements and the relic radiation³ from the
initial fireball , as well as a framework for
understanding the formation of galaxies and other
large-scale structures. In fact, the Big Bang
model is now so well-attested that it is known as
the standard cosmology.
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überrestliche Strahlung
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?
Before 1 Planck Time
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Before 1 Planck Time
• started 10-43 seconds
• after the Big Bang

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Before 1 Planck Time
• started 10-43 seconds
• after the Big Bang
• All four fundamental forces
• were unified¹ into one force

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Before 1 Planck Time
• started 10-43 seconds
• after the Big Bang
• All four fundamental forces
• were unified¹ into one force
• Nothing is known of this
• period

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• The four fundamental forces
• The four fundamental forces are
• Gravity force
• Strong force
• Weak force
• Electromagnetic force
• At the beginning they were
• unified in what is called the
• grand unification.

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Era of 1 Planck Time
• gravity force begins to
• differentiate from the others

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Era of 1 Planck Time
• gravity force begins to
• differentiate from the others
• the first of the spontaneous
• symmetry breaks

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Separation of the Strong Force
• 10-36 seconds

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Separation of the Strong Force
• 10-36 seconds
• separation of the strong force

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Separation of the Strong Force
• 10-36 seconds
• separation of the strong force
• the energy level is still too
• high for the strong force to
• hold protons and neutrons
• together

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Separation of the Strong Force
• 10-36 seconds
• separation of the strong force
• the energy level is still too
• high for the strong force to
• hold protons and neutrons
• together
• sizzling sea of quarks

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?
What are Quarks? Quarks and Leptons are the
building blocks which build up matter, i.e., they
are seen as the "elementary particles". In the
present standard model, there are six "flavors"
of quarks. They can successfully account for all
known mesons and baryons (over 200). The most
familiar baryons are the proton and neutron,
which are each constructed from up and down
quarks.
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Inflationary Period
• 10-36 seconds to 10-32
• seconds

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Inflationary Period
• 10-36 seconds to 10-32
• seconds
• Triggered by separation of
• the strong force

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Inflationary Period
• 10-36 seconds to 10-32
• seconds
• Triggered by separation of
• the strong force
• the universe expanded by
• 1020 or 1030 meters

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Inflationary Period
• 10-36 seconds to 10-32
• seconds
• Triggered by separation of
• the strong force
• the universe expanded by
• 1020 or 1030 meters
• deal with the horizon problem
• and the flatness problem

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?
Whats the horizon problem? The microwave
background radiation from opposite directions in
the sky is characterized by the same temperature
within 0.01, but the regions of space from which
they were emitted¹ at 500,000 years were more
than light transit time apart and could not have
"communicated" with each other to establish the
apparent thermal equilibrium² - they were beyond
each other's "horizon". The microwave
background radiation is seen as a remnant³ of the
transparency point at which the expanding
universe dropped below about 3000K so that
radiation could escape.
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Thermalgleichgewicht 3 Rest
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?
Whats the flatness problem? Our universe is
apparently flat. That is, it appears to have just
the "right" density¹ - or nearly so - to continue
its slow expansion forever. Too much matter, and
the universe eventually collapses in on itself
under the influence of its own gravitational
pull. This scenario, essentially the Big Bang in
reverse, has been called the "Big Crunch". Too
little matter, and gravity will never be able to
halt the expansion of the universe. The universe
eventually be populated only by gas, dust and the
relics of stars, growing increasingly cold with
its infinite expansion. This bleak² scenario is
called the Big Chill.
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?
Whats the flatness problem? To make the
Standard Big Bang theory correspond to reality,
cosmologists had to make the assumption¹ that the
average density of the universe was equal to the
density immediately following the Big Bang.
1 Annahme
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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Quark-antiquark Period
• 10-32 seconds to 10-5 sec

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Quark-antiquark Period
• 10-32 seconds to 10-5 sec
• "sizzling sea of quarks"

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Quark-antiquark Period
• 10-32 seconds to 10-5 sec
• "sizzling sea of quarks"
• the electromagnetic and weak
• forces undergo the final
• symmetry break

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Quark Confinement¹
• 10-5 seconds

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Quark Confinement¹
• 10-5 seconds
• protons and neutrons were
• formed

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THE BIG BANG
What happened after the Big Bang?

• Quark Confinement¹
• 10-5 seconds
• protons and neutrons were
• formed
• all the kinds of particles which
• are a part of the present
• universe were in existence

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opaque undurchsichtig annihilation
Vernichtung
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threshold Schwelle
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threshold Schwelle constituents Bestandteile
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threshold Schwelle constituents Bestandteile
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Time Line - Summary
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The Expanding Universe
The galaxies we see in all directions are moving
away from the Earth, as evidenced by their red
shifts. Hubble's law describes this expansion.
The fact that we see all stars moving away from
us does not imply that we are the center of the
universe! All stars will see all other stars
moving away from them in an expanding universe.
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Thank You
for your Attention