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Title: Classical Age


1
Classical Age
  • 510 - 323 BCE

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LeocharesApollo Belevedere350-325 BCEGreece
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  • Boethos of Chalkedon
  • Boy with a Goose
  • 250 BCE
  • Greece (now in the Glyptothek, Munich, Germany

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Riace Warrior B460-430 BCEOff the coast of
Reggio Calabria, Italy
  • Riace Warrior A
  • 460-430 BCE
  • Off the coast of Reggio Calabria, Italy

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Riace Warriors
  • There is no clear idea in ancient literature to
    identify the athletes or heroes depicted by the
    bronzes.
  • It is likely that the nudes originally formed
    part of a group in a large sanctuary.
  • Tydeus and Amphiaraus, two warriors from the
    Seven Against Thebes monumental group in the
    polis of Argos
  • Athenian warriors from Delphi
  • part of the monument to the battle of Marathon
  • Or from Olympia.
  • All three were prominent Greek sites for
    dedicated sculpture of the highest quality, and
    all were vulnerable to official thefts after the
    Roman occupation.
  • Perhaps the bronzes were being transported to
    Rome as treasure when a storm overtook their
    ship, though no evidence of a wreck could be
    found.

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The Acropolis of Athens
  • Most Temples were built during the Greek Golden
    Age, between 460 and 430 BCE

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Ictinus and Phidias Parthenon447-432
BCEAcropolis, Athens, Greece
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Parthenon impressive not for sheer size, but for
proportion
  • Designers were careful not to make it too tall or
    too wide
  • Parthenon was more than 200 feet long, 100 feet
    wide
  • Had doors, no windows
  • Surrounded by tall, graceful columns
  • Ruins appear white today, but parts originally
    painted in vivid hues
  • Huge gold, ivory statue of Athena stood inside it

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PhidiasAthena Parthenos438-437 BCE(formerly in
the Parthenon, Athens, but was looted by Roman
Emperor in 400s CE)
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The Parthenon has assumed many roles
  • Classical/Hellenistic Age (BCE)
  • Temple to goddess, Athena
  • 13th c. CE
  • Converted to Christian Church
  • 1456 CE
  • Converted to a mosque after Athens falls to the
    Ottomans
  • 1687 CE
  • Athens sacked by Venetians and Parthenon
    partially blown up by gunpowder

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  • Doric Style

What is the purpose of this style of column?
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Above columns, Pediments of marble were carved
with scenes from myths
West Pediment depicted contest between Athena
and Poseidon to see who would become the city's
patron. They appear at the center of the
composition, diverging from one another (Athena
holding the olive tree and the god of the sea
raising his trident to strike the earth), and are
framed by two active groups of horses pulling
chariots, while a crowd of legendary
personalities from mythology fills the space
out. East Pediment narrates the birth of Athena
from the head of her father, Zeus. To alleviate
the pain of a headache, Zeus ordered Hephaestus
to strike him with his forging hammer, and when
he did, Zeus's head split open and out popped the
goddess Athena in full armor.
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East Pediment Sculptures
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Metopes (446-440 BCE)
  • 92 metopes in total
  • East Side depict the mythical battles between
    the Olympian gods and the Giants
  • West Side Depict the mythical battle of the
    Athenians against the Amazons
  • South Side Depict the mythical battle of the
    Lapiths, aided by Theseus, against the half-man,
    half-horse Centaurs
  • North Side Though poorly preserved, seem to
    depict the sack of Troy.

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West Metopes
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  • Kalamis
  • Lapiths Centaurs (446-440 BCE)
  • Metopes, Parthenon, Athens

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Parthenon
Erechtheion
Temple of Nike
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MnesticlesErechtheion421-407 BCENorth side of
Acropolis, Athens
  • Dedicated to Athena Polias and Poseidon
    Erechtheus. Within the foundations lived the
    sacred snake of the temple, which represented the
    spirit of Cecrops and whose well-being was
    thought essential for the safety of the city

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Porch of the Caryatids421-407 BCEErechtheion,
Acropolis, Athens
  • Aka The Porch of the Maidens
  • Six draped female figures (caryatids) are the
    supporting columns, each sculpted in a manner
    different from the rest and engineered in such a
    way that their slenderest part, the neck, is
    capable of supporting the weight of the porch
    roof while remaining graceful and feminine.

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  • Here, the citizens worshipped Athena as the
    goddess of war and wisdom in hope of a prosperous
    outcome in the long war against the Spartans and
    their allies. The Temple of Athena Nike was an
    expression of Athens' ambition to be the leading
    Greek city state.

Temple of Athena Nike 410 BCE
Acropolis, Athens, Greece
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Hellenistic Art
  • 323 - 146 BCE

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Hellenistic Greece
  • Corresponds to the period between the death of
    Alexander the Great in 323 BCE and the annexation
    of Greece by Rome in 146 BCE.
  • Although the establishment of Roman rule did not
    break the continuity of Hellenistic society and
    culture, it did mark the end of Greek political
    independence
  • During the Hellenistic period, the importance of
    Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world
    declined sharply
  • In literature, Hellenistic art is often described
    as being decadent

Hellenistic kingdoms of Europe, Northern Africa,
the Middle East, Asia Minor, and Asia
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Boy with Thorn250 BCEGreece (now in the Palazzo
dei Conservatorio, Rome)
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Boxer of Quirinal1st c. BCEQuirinal Hill, Rome,
Italy
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Odysseus2nd c. BCEVilla of Tiberius, Sperlonga,
Italy
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Agesander, Athenodoros, PolydorusLaocoön and his
SonsApprox. 40 BCEGreece (now in the Vatican
Museum, Rome)
  • Unearthed in 1506 near the Golden House of the
    Emperor Nero (who reigned from 54-68 CE), and it
    is possible that it belonged to Nero himself.
  • The discovery of the Laocoön made a great
    impression on Italian sculptors and significantly
    influenced Renaissance art.
  • Michelangelo was particularly impressed by the
    large scale of the work and its Hellenistic
    style, particularly its depiction of the figures.
  • Pliny's description of Laocoön as "a work to be
    preferred to all that the arts of painting and
    sculpture have produced" has led to a tradition
    which debates this claim that the sculpture is
    the greatest of all artworks.
  • Paradox (contrast) of admiring beauty while
    seeing a scene of death, failure, and agony.

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In August 480 BC, Leonidas set out to meet
Xerxes' army at Thermopylae, where he was joined
by forces from other Greek city-states, to form
an army between 4,000 and 7,000 strong. This
force was assembled in an attempt to hold the
pass of Thermopylae against a massive Persian
army of between 80,000 and 290,000 men under the
rulership of Xerxes I. Xerxes waited 4 days to
attack, hoping the Greeks would disperse.
Finally, on the 5th day they attacked. Leonidas
and his men resisted the attack for the fifth and
sixth days, killing roughly 20,000 of the enemy
troops and losing about 2,500 of their own.
  • Thermopylae Gorge

The Persian elite unit, "the Immortals," was held
back, and two of Xerxes' brothers (Abrocomes and
Hyperanthes) died in battle. On the seventh day
(August 11), a Malian Greek traitor named
Ephialtes led the Persians by a mountain track to
the rear of the Greeks. At that point, Leonidas
sent away all Greek troops and remained in the
pass with his 300 Spartans, 900 Helots, and 700
Thespians who refused to leave. Another 400
Thebans were kept with Leonidas as hostages. The
Thespians stayed entirely of their own will,
declaring that they would not abandon Leonidas
and his followers.
Thermopylae Pass
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King Leonidas ISparta,Greece
  • Ruled Sparta from 489-480 BCE
  • Believed to be a descendant of Hercules
  • Led Spartan army in the Battle of Thermopylae,
    along with Helots, Thespians, and Thebans

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PhidiasNike of Samothrace203 BCESamothrace,
Greece (now at the Louvre Museum, Paris)
  • Was created to not only to honor the goddess,
    Nike, but to honor a sea battle won by city-state
    of Rhodes.
  • Conveys a sense of action and triumph as well as
    portraying ideal beauty.
  • The work is notable for its naturalistic pose and
    for the rendering of the figure's draped
    garments, depicted as if rippling in a strong sea
    breeze, which is especially compelling.
  • Represents the goddess as she descends from the
    skies to the triumphant fleet.
  • Before she lost her arms, Nike's right arm was
    raised,cupped round her mouth to deliver the
    shout of Victory.
  • Despite its significant damage and
    incompleteness, the Victory is held to be one of
    the great surviving masterpieces of sculpture
    from the Hellenistic period.
  • The loss of the head and arms, while regrettable
    in a sense, is felt by many to enhance the
    statue's depiction of the supernatural.

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Daru staircaseLouvre Museum, Paris
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Alexandros of AntiochVenus de Milo130-100
BCEMilos, Greece
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  • The right arm of the
    goddess was thought
    to have been lowered
    across
    the torso with
    the right hand on the
    raised left knee so

    the sliding drapery
    wrapped around the
    hips and legs could
    be
    held in place.
  • The left arm was held at just below the eye level
    of the statue above a herm while holding an
    apple.
  • The twisting stance and strong projection of the
    knee, as well as the rich, three-dimensional
    quality of the drapery, are typical of
    Hellenistic art of the third century BCE and
    later. Moreover, the sensual combination of flesh
    with the texture of drapery, which seems about to
    slip off, adds significant erotic tension that is
    certainly Hellenistic in concept and intent.

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Myron of ThebesDrunken Woman2nd c. BCEGreece
(now in the Glyptothek, Munich, Germany
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Epigonus Dying Gaul
230-220 BCE
Capitoline Museum, Rome
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Ionic Style
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Corinthian Style
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Athenian Treasury 5th c. BCE Delphi,
Greece
Doric Style
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Racetrack at Delphi
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Temple of Athena6th c. BCEDelphi, Greece
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Trophonios and AgamedesTemple of Apollo7th c.
BCEDelphi, Greece
  • Housed the famous oracle of Delphi
  • Located above a methane fissure. Potential ffects
    from fumes?

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  • Polykleitos the Younger
  • Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus
  • 4th c. BCE
  • Epidaurus, Greece

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  • One of the worlds first amphitheaters
  • It is marveled for its exceptional acoustics,
    which permit almost perfect understanding of
    unamplified spoken words from the proscenium or
    skene (stage) to all 15,000 spectators

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DONE!
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